ERF is a transcriptional repressor []required for extraembryonic ectoderm differentiation, ectoplacental cone cavity closure, and chorioallantoic attachment [, ].
The DNA single-strand annealing proteins (SSAPs), such as RecT, Red-beta, ERF and Rad52, function in RecA-dependent and RecA-independent DNA recombination pathways. This family includes proteins related to ERF [].
The DNA single-strand annealing proteins (SSAPs), such as RecT, Red-beta, ERF and Rad52, function in RecA-dependent and RecA-independent DNA recombination pathways. This family includes proteins related to Rad52. These proteins contain two helix-hairpin-helix motifs [].
The DNA single-strand annealing proteins (SSAPs), such as RecT, Red-beta, ERF and Rad52, function in RecA-dependent and RecA-independent DNA recombination pathways. This family includes proteins related to Rad52. These proteins contain two helix-hairpin-helix motifs [].
The DNA single-strand annealing proteins (SSAPs), such as RecT, Red-beta, ERF and Rad52, function in RecA-dependent and RecA-independent DNA recombination pathways []. This family includes RecT and related proteins.
This entry represents a group of plant AP2/ERF transcription factors, including pathogenesis-related genes transcriptional activator PTI6 []and ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF []. PTI6 binds to the GCC-box pathogenesis-related promoter element and activates the defense genes of plants [].
The bacteriophage P22 kil gene, like lambda kil, kills the host cell when it is expressed. The two kil genes, although analogous in cell killing and map location, have no sequence homology. The functions of the P22 and lambda kil genes are not known; however, P22 kil is essential for lytic growth in the absence of abc. Gene arf (accessory recombination function, ) is located just upstream from erf and is essential for P22 growth in the absence of kil [].
The DNA single-strand annealing proteins (SSAPs), such as RecT, Red-beta, ERF and Rad52, function in RecA-dependent and RecA-independent DNA recombination pathways. This superfamily includes proteins related to Rad52. These proteins contain two helix-hairpin-helix motifs [].Rad52 was identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast) as a component of the homologous recombination repair pathway and to play an important role in both meiotic and mitotic recombination. The human protein is highly homologous in both structure and function. Inthe presence of absence of DNA, Rad52 forms ring-shaped oligomers which bind both single and double stranded DNA, stimulating annealing of complimentary DNA strands and promoting ligation of both cohesive and blunt-end fragments. Rad52 may act as a recombination mediator, optimising catalysis of strand exchange by the Rad51 protein.A C-terminal self-association domain has been identified that mediates formation of higher order oligomers of Rad52 rings. Formation of these oligomers may be important for interaction with more than one DNA molecule [].
Transcription factors are protein molecules that bind to specific DNAsequences in the genome, resulting in the induction or inhibition of genetranscription []. The ets oncogene is such a factor, possessing a region of 85-90 amino acids known as the ETS (erythroblast transformation specific) domain [, , ]. This domain is rich inpositively-charged and aromatic residues, and binds to purine-rich segmentsof DNA. The ETS domain has been identified in other transcription factorssuch as PU.1, human erg, human elf-1, human elk-1, GA binding protein, anda number of others [, , ].It is generally localized at the C terminus of the protein,with the exception of ELF-1, ELK-1, ELK-3, ELK-4 and ERF where it is found atthe N terminus.NMR-analysis of the structure of the Ets domains revealed that it contains three α-helices (1-3)and four-stranded β-sheets (1-4) arranged in the order α1-β1-β2-α2-α3-β3-β4 forming awinged helix-turn-helix (wHTH) topology []. The third α-helix isresponsive to contact to the major groove of the DNA. Different members of the Ets family proteinsdisplay distinct DNA binding specificities. The Ets domains and the flanking amino acid sequencesof the proteins influence the binding affinity, and the alteration of asingle amino acid in the Ets domain can change its DNA binding specificities.
Ethylene is an endogenous plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. Some defense related genes that are induced by ethylene contain a cis-regulatory element known as the Ethylene-Responsive Element (ERE) []. Sequence analysis on various ERE regions has identified a short motif rich in G/C nucleotides, the GCC-box, essential for the response to ethylene. This short motif is recognised by a family of transcrition factors, the ERE binding factors (ERF) [].ERF proteins contain a domain of around 60 amino acids which is also found in the APETALA2 (AP2) protein []. This AP2/ERF domain has been shown in various proteins to be necessary and sufficient to bind the GCC-box [].The structure of the AP2/ERF domain in complex with the target DNA has been solved []. The structure resembles that of bacteriophage integrases and the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD): a three-stranded β-sheet and an alpha helix almost parallel to the β-sheet. It contacts DNA via Arg and Trp residues located in the β-sheet. Some proteins known to contain an AP2/ERF domain include:Arabidopsis thaliana ERF1 to 6. Tobacco ethylene-responsive element-binding proteins (EREBPs), homologues of ERF proteins. Arabidopsis thaliana AP2 protein. It regulates meristeme identity, floral organ specification and seed coat development. Arabidopsis thaliana C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element (DRE) binding factor 1 (CBF1 or DREB1) and DREB2. They bind a GCC-box-like element found in dehydratation responsive element. Binding to this element mediates cold-inducible transcription. Arabidopsis thaliana and maize abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive 4 (ABI4) proteins. They bind to a GCC-box-like element found in ABA-responsive genes.Octadecanoid-derivative responsive catharenthus AP2-domain (ORCA2) protein. It binds a GCC-box-like element in the jasmonate responsive element of Str promoter. Tomato Pto-interacting proteins 4 to 6 (Pti4 to Pti6). Pti5 and 6 bind a GCC-box-like element in regulatory regions of various pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Trichodesmium erythraeum, Tetrahymena thermophila, Enterobacteria phage RB49 and bacteriophage Felix 01 HNH endonucleases. HNH endonucleases are homing endonucleases that move extensively via lateral gene transfer []. This entry represents the AP2/ERF domain superfamily.
Ethylene is an endogenous plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. Some defense related genes that are induced by ethylene contain a cis-regulatory element known as the Ethylene-Responsive Element (ERE) []. Sequence analysis on various ERE regions has identified a short motif rich in G/C nucleotides, the GCC-box, essential for the response to ethylene. This short motif is recognised by a family of transcrition factors, the ERE binding factors (ERF) [].ERF proteins contain a domain of around 60 amino acids which is also found in the APETALA2 (AP2) protein []. This AP2/ERF domain has been shown in various proteins to be necessary and sufficient to bind the GCC-box [].The structure of the AP2/ERF domain in complex with the target DNA has been solved []. The structure resembles that of bacteriophage integrases and the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD): a three-stranded β-sheet and an alpha helix almost parallel to the β-sheet. It contacts DNA via Arg and Trp residues located in the β-sheet. Some proteins known to contain an AP2/ERF domain include:Arabidopsis thaliana ERF1 to 6. Tobacco ethylene-responsive element-binding proteins (EREBPs), homologues of ERF proteins. Arabidopsis thaliana AP2 protein. It regulates meristeme identity, floral organ specification and seed coat development. Arabidopsis thaliana C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element (DRE) binding factor 1 (CBF1 or DREB1) and DREB2. They bind a GCC-box-like element found in dehydratation responsive element. Binding to this element mediates cold-inducible transcription. Arabidopsis thaliana and maize abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive 4 (ABI4) proteins. They bind to a GCC-box-like element found in ABA-responsive genes.Octadecanoid-derivative responsive catharenthus AP2-domain (ORCA2) protein. It binds a GCC-box-like element in the jasmonate responsive element of Str promoter. Tomato Pto-interacting proteins 4 to 6 (Pti4 to Pti6). Pti5 and 6 bind a GCC-box-like element in regulatory regions of various pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Trichodesmium erythraeum, Tetrahymena thermophila, Enterobacteria phage RB49 and bacteriophage Felix 01 HNH endonucleases. HNH endonucleases are homing endonucleases that move extensively via lateral gene transfer []. This entry represents the AP2/ERF domain.
