This family includes plant serine/threonine receptor-like kinases related to CRINKLY4 (CR4), a protein involved in developmental processes in plant and endosperm that was first isolated in maize [, ]. Mutations in this protein affects the cell wall thickness and structure, cuticle formation, and vesicle trafficking, and tumor like outgrowths, with similar effects seen in rice [, , ]. Arabidopsis thaliana contains an orthologue of CR4, ACR4, and four CRINKLY4-related proteins (CRR or CCR) AtCRR1, AtCRR2, AtCRR3 and AtCRR4 (also known as CRINKLY 4-related kinase 1, AtCRK1) []. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CR4 family of receptor kinases can be divided in three clades, one including CR4, CCR1 and CCR2, a second including CCR3 and CCR4 family members, and a third and more distant clade including members from algae and Selaginella moellendorffii sequences with transmembrane and/or kinase domains []. Kinase assays showed that ACR4 is an active serine/threonine kinase, while CCR1 and CCR2 are nearly inactive in autophosphorylation assays []. CR4 family are characterised by the presence of seven 'crinkly' repeats in the extracellular part which is required both for signalling and normal protein internalisation, including a conserved C(X~10)CWG sequence motif. The Cys residues in the extracellular 'crinkly' repeat domain are likely to form stabilizing disulfide bridges []. Another feature of the CR4 family is that the extracellular domain shows homology to the three Cys-rich repeats of the TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR (TNFR) extracellular domain [].This family represents the CRINKLE4-related proteins CCR3 and CCR4.
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1). In humans, it is found on peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes [, , ]. Immunologically mediated inflammatory disease indications have been suggested for CCR1 [, ], including cardiac allograft rejection []and glomerulonephritis []. Following interaction with specific CC chemokine ligands, CCR1 triggers a flux in intracellular calcium ions [, , ]. This causes cell responses, including the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes into the CNS, leading to chemotaxis [, , , ].
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1). In humans, it is found on peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes [, , ]. Immunologically mediated inflammatory disease indications have been suggested for CCR1 [, ], including cardiac allograft rejection []and glomerulonephritis []. Following interaction with specific CC chemokine ligands, CCR1 triggers a flux in intracellular calcium ions [, , ]. This causes cell responses, including the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes into the CNS, leading to chemotaxis [, , , ].This entry includes C-C chemokine receptor type 1 from eukaryotes.
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), which was previously designated as the orphan receptors GPR28 and GPR 9-6. CCR9 is expressed predominantly in the thymus, in both mature and immature T cells, and is also found in the lymph nodes, spleen, glomerular podocytes, bone marrow stromal cells and the small intestine [, , , , ]. Transfected cells expressing CCR9 receptor bind specifically to CCL25 (also known as Thymus-Expressed Chemokine) []. This interaction may play a pivotal role in T-cell migration in the thymus []. CCR9 activation has also been shown to influence cancer cell migration, invasion and matrix metallopeptidase expression, which together may affect prostate cancer metastasis [].
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6). It is expressed on unactivated memory T-cells [, ]and some dendritic cells [, ]. CCR6 is also expressed on Th17 cells [], but is down-regulated in activated T-cells []. The receptor is noted as playing a role in Crohn's disease []. CCR6 major ligand is CCL20, also known as Liver and Activation-Regulated Chemokine but it can also bind non-chemokine ligands such as beta-defensines [, ]. Binding to beta-defensine 1 (DEFB1) is essential for the function of DEFB1 in regulating sperm motility and bactericidal activity []and it mediates the chemotactic effects of defensins DEFB4 and DEFB4A/B [].
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8), which it is expressed predominantly in lymphoid tissues [, ]and has also been found in glomerular podocytes []and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) []. CCR8 is associated with Th2 lymphocytes, which are critical for allergy, and has a role in lymphocyte activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation and in allergic diseases [, , ]. CCR8 binds to CCL1 (also known as I-309) [, ]and to CCL16 (also known as liver expressed chemokine) []. It also exhibits a high affinity for three chemokines of viral origin: vMIP-I, vMIP-II and vMCC-I.
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), it is a receptor for the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), a chemokine which specifically mediates monocyte chemotaxisis involved in monocyte infiltration in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis []as well as in the inflammatory response against tumors []. It has also been shown that CCR2 deficient mice develop an accelerated Alzheimer's-like pathology in comparison to wild type mice [, , ]. CCR2 has also been shown to function in blood vessel remodeling []. Following interaction with specific CC chemokine ligands, CCR2 triggers a flux in intracellular calcium ions [, ]and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase []. This causes cell responses, including the recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes into the CNS, leading to chemotaxis [].
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4), it is expressed on T(h)2 cells []and is up-regulated by T cell receptor activation. CCR4 is also found in the brain microvascular and coronary artery endothelial cells []and in blood dentric cells []. It has been suggested the receptor is invloved in trafficking of dendritic cells []. CCR4 is noted as playing a role in allergic reactions, particularly in asthma [, , ].
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3), it is highly expressed in both eosinophils and basophils [, ], but can also be found in T helper cells [, ]and airway epithelial cells. CCR3 is noted for playing a role in allergic reactions [, , ]. Following interaction with specific CC chemokine ligands, CCR3 triggers a flux in intracellular calcium ions [, ]causing cell responses including chemotaxis [, , ].
CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is found on the surface of white blood cells, such as macrophages [], T cells []and dendritic cells [, ], and expressed in lymphoid organs []. Transfected cells expressing CCR5 receptor bind CCL5 (RANTES), CCL4 (MIP-1beta) and CCL3 (MIP-1alpha), and generate inositol phosphates in response to these chemokines. The same combination of chemokines has been shown to potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus replication in human peripheral blood leukocytes []. CCR5 is the major coreceptor for HIV-1 entry into target cells and is thought to be a suitable therapeutic target for HIV-1 blockade [].Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7). It is expressed in various lymphoid tissues and plays an important role in the regulation of the homing and traffic of lymphocytes into and within secondary lymphoid tissues [, , , ]. It has also been shown to induce antiapoptotic signaling in mature dendritic cells []. CCR7 is seen as an important organiser of the primary immune response []. CCR7 is also expressed by various cancer cells, such as non-small lung cancer, gastric cancer and oesophageal cancer [, , ]and the expression of CCR7 by cancer cells has been linked with metastasis to lymph nodes []. CCR7 binds CCL19 and CCL21 [].
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to playa much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten membersof the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 10 (CCR10), previously known as G protein-coupled receptor 2 (GPR2) []. CCR10 is a receptor for CCL27 [], and CCL28 []. CCR10 is found in melanocytes [], dermal fibroblasts, dermal micro-vascular endothelial cells and has also been detected in T-cells []. It is involved in T cell-mediated skin inflammation, having been shown to recruit regulatory T cells to mucosal layers []. The receptor may also play a role in directing metastasis [].
