This entry represents interleukin-33 (IL33), which that binds to and signals through IL1RL1/ST2 and its stimulation recruits MYD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, and TRAF6, followed by phosphorylation of MAPK3/ERK1 and/or MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK14, and MAPK8 [, ]. It also serves as a warning signal between cells at times of injury or cell death [].
This entry includes the virulence protein SpvC and the phosphothreonine lyase OspF. OspF catalyses the removal of the phosphate group from the phosphothreonine in the mitogen-activated protein kinases such as MAPK2/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1, MAPK8 and MAPK14 in an irreversible reaction, thus preventing the downstream phosphorylation of histone H3. This epigenetic modification results in inhibition of the transcription of a specific subset of proinflammatory genes, and ultimately to a reduced immune response against the invading pathogen. The diminished immune response enhances the bacterium's ability to disseminate and multiply within the host [, , ].The spv region of the Salmonella virulence plasmids consists of five genes located on an 8-kb fragment, shown to be essential for virulence in mice []. SpvC (also known as mkfA and VirA []) is part of this gene cluster and is utilised by the microbe upon entry into macrophages, although the exact mechanism is unclear.
This entry includes the virulence protein SpvC and the phosphothreonine lyase OspF. OspF catalyses the removal of the phosphate group from the phosphothreonine in the mitogen-activated protein kinases such as MAPK2/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1, MAPK8 and MAPK14 in an irreversible reaction, thus preventing the downstream phosphorylation of histone H3. This epigenetic modification results in inhibition of the transcription of a specific subset of proinflammatory genes, and ultimately to a reduced immune response against the invading pathogen. The diminished immune response enhances the bacterium's ability to disseminate and multiply within the host [, , ].The spv region of the Salmonella virulence plasmids consists of five genes located on an 8-kb fragment, shown to be essential for virulence in mice []. SpvC (also known as mkfA and VirA []) is part of this gene cluster and is utilised by the microbe upon entry into macrophages, although the exact mechanism is unclear.
