Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) are vertebrate hormones that play an important role in the control ofcardiovascular homeostatis, and sodium and water balance in general [, ].There are different NPs that vary in length but share a common core. All are processed from a single precursor.A disulphide bond resident in the C-terminal section is required for full activity of atriopeptins. The familyof NPs includes structurally-related peptides that elicit similar pharmacological spectra. Amongst these arebrain natriuretic peptide (BNP); C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP); ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP)[]; and Dendroaspis angusticeps (Eastern green mamba) natriuretic peptide (DNP) [].
Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) are vertebrate hormones that play an important role in the control ofcardiovascular homeostatis, and sodium and water balance in general [, ].There are different NPs that vary in length but share a common core. All are processed from a single precursor.A disulphide bond resident in the C-terminal section is required for full activity of atriopeptins. The familyof NPs includes structurally-related peptides that elicit similar pharmacological spectra. Amongst these arebrain natriuretic peptide (BNP); C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP); ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP)[]; and green mamba natriuretic peptide (DNP) [].
Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) are vertebrate hormones that play an important role in the control ofcardiovascular homeostatis, and sodium and water balance in general [, ].There are different NPs that vary in length but share a common core. All are processed from a single precursor.A disulphide bond resident in the C-terminal section is required for full activity of atriopeptins. The familyof NPs includes structurally-related peptides that elicit similar pharmacological spectra. Amongst these arebrain natriuretic peptide (BNP); C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP); ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP)[]; and Dendroaspis angusticeps (Eastern green mamba) natriuretic peptide (DNP) []C-type natriuretic peptide has vasorelaxant and cGMP-stimulating activities.
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a bioactive peptide that may be involved in several biological processes, including food intake, locomotion, wakefulness, arousal, and anxiety. NPS activates its cognate G protein-coupled receptor (NPSR1) at low nanomolar agonist concentrations and induces elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP [, , ].
Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) are vertebrate hormones that play an important role in the control ofcardiovascular homeostatis, and sodium and water balance in general [, ].There are different NPs that vary in length but share a common core. All are processed from a single precursor.A disulphide bond resident in the C-terminal section is required for full activity of atriopeptins. The familyof NPs includes structurally-related peptides that elicit similar pharmacological spectra. Amongst these arebrain natriuretic peptide (BNP); C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP); ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP)[]; and Dendroaspis angusticeps (Eastern green mamba) natriuretic peptide (DNP) []Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a potent vasoactive substance synthesized in mammalian atria and is thought to play a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis. It has a cGMP-stimulating activity.
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in human and mammalian brain and is mainly produced by neurons in the amygdala, expression has also been found in other areas of the brain such as the lateral parabrachial nucleus and hypothalamus [, , , ]. Overall, the expression of NPS is restricted in the brain, but it has been found in peripheral sites that include mostly endocrine tissues such as thyroid, mammary gland, salivary gland and testis. Neuropeptide S has been was found to suppress anxiety [, , , ]and appetite [, ], induce wakefulness and hyperactivity, including hyper-sexuality [, , ], and plays a significant role in the extinction of conditioned fear. Central administration of NPS was also found to modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity []. This entry represents the neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR), which is a member of the rhodopsin G protein-coupled receptor family []and it binds NPS [, , ]. Like the tissue distribution of NPS, the neuropeptide S receptor is widely distributed in the brain, with high expression levels in cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and multiple midline thalamic nuclei. Many of these areas have been functionally associated processing of emotional behaviour, promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects [, ]. In addition to this, activation of NPSR in the airway epithelium has a number of effects including up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases which are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma []. It is also thought to be involved in irritable bowel syndrome [].
Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) are vertebrate hormones that play an important role in the control ofcardiovascular homeostatis, and sodium and water balance in general [, ].There are different NPs that vary in length but share a common core. All are processed from a single precursor.A disulphide bond resident in the C-terminal section is required for full activity of atriopeptins.This entry represent a conserved site which includes the two cysteines involved in the disulfide bond, and two conserved glycines that may be important for the conformation of the peptides.
