HopAB family members are type III effector proteins that are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae into the host plant to inhibit its immune system and facilitate the spread of the pathogen []. AvrPtoB, also called HopAB3, is the best studied member of the family. It suppresses host basal defenses by interfering with PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular signature)-triggered immunity (PTI) through binding and inhibiting BAK1, a kinase which serves to activate defense signaling []. It also recognizes the kinase Pto to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) [].AvrPtoB contains an N-terminal region that contains two kinase-interacting domains (KID) and a C-terminal E3 ligase domain. The first KID recognizes the PTI-associated kinase Bti9 as well as Pto, and is referred to as the Pto-binding domain (PID). The second KID interacts with BAK1 and FLS2, which are leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, and is called the BAK1-interacting domain (BID) [, ]. The family member HopPmaL is shorter and lacks the C-terminal E3 ligase domain [].This entry represents the second KID of AvrPtoB that binds to BAK1 thereby preventing its kinase activity after the perception of flagellin [].
HopAB family members are type III effector proteins that are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae into the host plant to inhibit its immune system and facilitate the spread of the pathogen []. AvrPtoB, also called HopAB3, is the best studied member of the family. It suppresses host basal defenses by interfering with PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular signature)-triggered immunity (PTI) through binding and inhibiting BAK1, a kinase which serves to activate defense signaling []. It also recognizes the kinase Pto to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) [].AvrPtoB contains an N-terminal region that contains two kinase-interacting domains (KID) and a C-terminal E3 ligase domain. The first KID recognizes the PTI-associated kinase Bti9 as well as Pto, and is referred to as the Pto-binding domain (PID). The second KID interacts with BAK1 and FLS2, which are leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, and is called the BAK1-interacting domain (BID) [, ]. The family member HopPmaL is shorter and lacks the C-terminal E3 ligase domain [].This entry represents the second KID of AvrPtoB that binds to BAK1 thereby preventing its kinase activity after the perception of flagellin [].
HopAB family members are type III effector proteins that are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae into the host plant to inhibit its immune system and facilitate the spread of the pathogen []. AvrPtoB, also called HopAB3, is the best studied member of the family. It suppresses host basal defenses by interfering with PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular signature)-triggered immunity (PTI) through binding and inhibiting BAK1, a kinase which serves to activate defense signaling []. It also recognizes the kinase Pto to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) [].AvrPtoB contains an N-terminal region that contains two kinase-interacting domains (KID) and a C-terminal E3 ligase domain. The first KID recognizes the PTI-associated kinase Bti9 as well as Pto, and is referred to as the Pto-binding domain (PID). The second KID interacts with BAK1 and FLS2, which are leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, and is called the BAK1-interacting domain (BID) [, ]. The family member HopPmaL is shorter and lacks the C-terminal E3 ligase domain [].The E3 ubiquitin ligase domain found in the bacterial protein AvrPtoB inhibits immunity-associated programmed cell death (PCD) when translocated into plant cells, probably by recruiting E2 enzymes and transferring ubiquitin molecules to cellular proteins involved in regulation of PCD and targeting them for degradation. The structure reveals a globular fold centred on a four-stranded β-sheet that packs against two helices on one face and has three very extended loops connecting the elements of secondary structure, with remarkable homology to the RING-finger and U-box families of proteins involved in ubiquitin ligase complexes in eukaryotes [].
HopAB family members are type III effector proteins that are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae into the host plant to inhibit its immune system and facilitate the spread of the pathogen []. AvrPtoB, also called HopAB3, is the best studied member of the family. It suppresses host basal defenses by interfering with PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular signature)-triggered immunity (PTI) through binding and inhibiting BAK1, a kinase which serves to activate defense signaling []. It also recognizes the kinase Pto to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) [].AvrPtoB contains an N-terminal region that contains two kinase-interacting domains (KID) and a C-terminal E3 ligase domain. The first KID recognizes the PTI-associated kinase Bti9 as well as Pto, and is referred to as the Pto-binding domain (PID). The second KID interacts with BAK1 and FLS2, which are leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, and is called the BAK1-interacting domain (BID) [, ]. The family member HopPmaL is shorter and lacks the C-terminal E3 ligase domain [].The E3 ubiquitin ligase domain found in the bacterial protein AvrPtoB inhibits immunity-associated programmed cell death (PCD) when translocated into plant cells, probably by recruiting E2 enzymes and transferring ubiquitin molecules to cellular proteins involved in regulation of PCD and targeting them for degradation. The structure reveals a globular fold centred on a four-stranded β-sheet that packs against two helices on one face and has three very extended loops connecting the elements of secondary structure, with remarkable homology to the RING-finger and U-box families of proteins involved in ubiquitin ligase complexes in eukaryotes [].
The SERK (somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase) family is involved in a wide spectrum of biological processes, including plant development and disease resistance []. SERKs (SERK1-5) are classified as subgroup II receptor-like kinases (RLKs). SERKs exist as coreceptors of multiple cell surface-receptors perceiving diverse stimuli via ligand-induced heterodimerization and transphosphorylation []. They are involved in at least five different signalling pathways [].Arabidopsis SERK1 and SERK2 are functionally redundant and essential for tapetum specification and pollen development during male sporogenesis []. SERK3, also known as BAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1), is the coreceptor of the brassinolide (BR)-perceiving receptor BRI1, a function that is BR dependent and partially redundant with SERK1 []. SERK3 controls plant innate immunity and serves as a coreceptor of the flagellin receptor FLS2 []. SERK4 is also involved in innate immunity []. SERK3 and SERK4 are partially redundant in pathogen-induced cell death control []. SERK5 contains a mutation in an important amino acid residue which likely abolishes the kinase activity of SERK [].
HopAB family members are type III effector proteins that are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae into the host plant to inhibit its immune system and facilitate the spread of the pathogen []. AvrPtoB, also called HopAB3, is the best studied member of the family. It suppresses host basal defenses by interfering with PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular signature)-triggered immunity (PTI) through binding and inhibiting BAK1, a kinase which serves to activate defense signaling []. It also recognizes the kinase Pto to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) [].AvrPtoB contains an N-terminal region that contains two kinase-interacting domains (KID) and a C-terminal E3 ligase domain. The first KID recognizes the PTI-associated kinase Bti9 as well as Pto, and is referred to as the Pto-binding domain (PID). The second KID interacts with BAK1 and FLS2, which are leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor-like kinases, and is called the BAK1-interacting domain (BID) [, ]. The family member HopPmaL is shorter and lacks the C-terminal E3 ligase domain [].This entry represents the Pto-binding domain.
