Type |
Details |
Score |
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
human |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
frog, western clawed |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
dog, domestic |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
chimpanzee |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
cattle |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
macaque, rhesus |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Modaresinejad M |
Year: |
2024 |
Journal: |
Am J Pathol |
Title: |
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Delays Choroid Development in the HCAR1 Knockout Mouse. |
Volume: |
194 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
2382-2397 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
de Castro Abrantes H |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
J Neurosci |
Title: |
The Lactate Receptor HCAR1 Modulates Neuronal Network Activity through the Activation of Gα and Gβγ Subunits. |
Volume: |
39 |
Issue: |
23 |
Pages: |
4422-4433 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
343
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mohammad Nezhady MA |
Year: |
2023 |
Journal: |
Cell Commun Signal |
Title: |
Lack of HCAR1, the lactate GPCR, signaling promotes autistic-like behavior. |
Volume: |
21 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
196 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Órdenes P |
Year: |
2021 |
Journal: |
Sci Rep |
Title: |
Lactate activates hypothalamic POMC neurons by intercellular signaling. |
Volume: |
11 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
21644 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Kwon E |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
PLoS One |
Title: |
Hydrocarboxylic acid receptor 1 in BAT regulates glucose uptake in mice fed a high-fat diet. |
Volume: |
15 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
e0228320 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Morland C |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
Nat Commun |
Title: |
Exercise induces cerebral VEGF and angiogenesis via the lactate receptor HCAR1. |
Volume: |
8 |
|
Pages: |
15557 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Liu C |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Lactate inhibits lipolysis in fat cells through activation of an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR81. |
Volume: |
284 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
2811-22 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
Mus caroli |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
Mus pahari |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
Mus spretus |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Brown TP |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
Oncogene |
Title: |
The lactate receptor GPR81 promotes breast cancer growth via a paracrine mechanism involving antigen-presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment. |
Volume: |
39 |
Issue: |
16 |
Pages: |
3292-3304 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Cai TQ |
Year: |
2008 |
Journal: |
Biochem Biophys Res Commun |
Title: |
Role of GPR81 in lactate-mediated reduction of adipose lipolysis. |
Volume: |
377 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
987-91 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Geiseler SJ |
Year: |
2023 |
Journal: |
Neurosci Lett |
Title: |
Pre-stroke exercise does not reduce atrophy in healthy young adult mice. |
Volume: |
814 |
|
Pages: |
137447 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ahmed K |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Cell Metab |
Title: |
An autocrine lactate loop mediates insulin-dependent inhibition of lipolysis through GPR81. |
Volume: |
11 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
311-9 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ranganathan P |
Year: |
2018 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
GPR81, a Cell-Surface Receptor for Lactate, Regulates Intestinal Homeostasis and Protects Mice from Experimental Colitis. |
Volume: |
200 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
1781-1789 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Madaan A |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
Am J Obstet Gynecol |
Title: |
Lactate produced during labor modulates uterine inflammation via GPR81 (HCA(1)). |
Volume: |
216 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
60.e1-60.e17 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Madaan A |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
Am J Pathol |
Title: |
Müller Cell-Localized G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 81 (Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1) Regulates Inner Retinal Vasculature via Norrin/Wnt Pathways. |
Volume: |
189 |
Issue: |
9 |
Pages: |
1878-1896 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4837400 |
Assay Type: |
RT-PCR |
Annotation Date: |
2010-11-03 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1603915 |
|
Stage: |
TS15 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4837434 |
Age: |
embryonic day 9.5 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
None |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4837400 |
Assay Type: |
RT-PCR |
Annotation Date: |
2010-11-03 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1603915 |
|
Stage: |
TS15 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4837434 |
Age: |
embryonic day 9.5 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
None |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:6857993 |
Assay Type: |
Immunohistochemistry |
Annotation Date: |
2022-01-26 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:3574228 |
Pattern: |
Widespread |
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:6857995 |
Age: |
postnatal adult |
Image: |
1H/I |
Note: |
Expression in all layers of adult mouse retina. |
Specimen Label: |
1H/I |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:6857993 |
Assay Type: |
Immunohistochemistry |
Annotation Date: |
2022-01-26 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:3574224 |
Pattern: |
Regionally restricted |
Stage: |
TS24 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:6857995 |
Age: |
embryonic day 16.0 |
Image: |
1E/F |
Note: |
Expression in all layers of embryonic mouse retina. Predominant expression in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and in the RGC fiber layer. |
Specimen Label: |
1E/F |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:6857993 |
Assay Type: |
Immunohistochemistry |
Annotation Date: |
2022-01-26 |
Strength: |
Strong |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:3573928 |
Pattern: |
Regionally restricted |
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:6857995 |
Age: |
postnatal adult |
Image: |
1H/I |
Note: |
Predominant expression in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and in the RGC fiber layer. |
Specimen Label: |
1H/I |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ordonez-Moreno LA |
Year: |
2023 |
Journal: |
Leukemia |
Title: |
Lactate-a new player in G-CSF-induced mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. |
Volume: |
37 |
Issue: |
8 |
Pages: |
1757-1761 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Lee YS |
Year: |
2018 |
Journal: |
Cell Host Microbe |
Title: |
Microbiota-Derived Lactate Accelerates Intestinal Stem-Cell-Mediated Epithelial Development. |
Volume: |
24 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
833-846.e6 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Laroche S |
Year: |
2021 |
Journal: |
Cells |
Title: |
Participation of L-Lactate and Its Receptor HCAR1/GPR81 in Neurovisual Development. |
Volume: |
10 |
Issue: |
7 |
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Jeninga EH |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulates expression of the anti-lipolytic G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81/Gpr81). |
Volume: |
284 |
Issue: |
39 |
Pages: |
26385-93 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Khatib-Massalha E |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
Nat Commun |
Title: |
Lactate released by inflammatory bone marrow neutrophils induces their mobilization via endothelial GPR81 signaling. |
Volume: |
11 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
3547 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Jerome-Majewska LA |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Dev Biol |
Title: |
The trafficking protein Tmed2/p24beta(1) is required for morphogenesis of the mouse embryo and placenta. |
Volume: |
341 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
154-66 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Centers |
Year: |
2004 |
Journal: |
Unpublished |
Title: |
Information obtained from the Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Centers (MMRRC) |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
MGI and IMPC |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
MGI Direct Data Submission |
Title: |
MGI Curation of Endonuclease-Mediated Alleles (CRISPR) from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Velocigene |
Year: |
2008 |
Journal: |
MGI Direct Data Submission |
Title: |
Alleles produced for the KOMP project by Velocigene (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals) |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics and the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) |
Year: |
2014 |
Journal: |
Database Release |
Title: |
Obtaining and Loading Phenotype Annotations from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) Database |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Magdaleno S |
Year: |
2006 |
Journal: |
PLoS Biol |
Title: |
BGEM: an in situ hybridization database of gene expression in the embryonic and adult mouse nervous system. |
Volume: |
4 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
e86 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Adams DJ |
Year: |
2024 |
Journal: |
Nature |
Title: |
Genetic determinants of micronucleus formation in vivo. |
Volume: |
627 |
Issue: |
8002 |
Pages: |
130-136 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
MGD Nomenclature Committee |
Year: |
1995 |
|
Title: |
Nomenclature Committee Use |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
GemPharmatech |
Year: |
2020 |
|
Title: |
GemPharmatech Website. |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Cyagen Biosciences Inc. |
Year: |
2022 |
|
Title: |
Cyagen Biosciences Website. |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
The Jackson Laboratory Mouse Radiation Hybrid Database |
Year: |
2004 |
Journal: |
Database Release |
Title: |
Mouse T31 Radiation Hybrid Data Load |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Okazaki Y |
Year: |
2002 |
Journal: |
Nature |
Title: |
Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs. |
Volume: |
420 |
Issue: |
6915 |
Pages: |
563-73 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Diez-Roux G |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
PLoS Biol |
Title: |
A high-resolution anatomical atlas of the transcriptome in the mouse embryo. |
Volume: |
9 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
e1000582 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2002 |
|
Title: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Computational Sequence to Gene Associations |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
Mouse Microarray Data Integration in Mouse Genome Informatics, the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome U74 Array Platform (A, B, C v2). |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
MGI Genome Annotation Group and UniGene Staff |
Year: |
2015 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
MGI-UniGene Interconnection Effort |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Marc Feuermann, Huaiyu Mi, Pascale Gaudet, Dustin Ebert, Anushya Muruganujan, Paul Thomas |
Year: |
2010 |
|
Title: |
Annotation inferences using phylogenetic trees |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Database and National Center for Biotechnology Information |
Year: |
2000 |
Journal: |
Database Release |
Title: |
Entrez Gene Load |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Allen Institute for Brain Science |
Year: |
2004 |
Journal: |
Allen Institute |
Title: |
Allen Brain Atlas: mouse riboprobes |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
Mouse Microarray Data Integration in Mouse Genome Informatics, the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array Platform |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) and The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
Consensus CDS project |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Group |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
Database Procedure |
Title: |
Automatic Encodes (AutoE) Reference |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Bairoch A |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
Database Release |
Title: |
SWISS-PROT Annotated protein sequence database |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2005 |
|
Title: |
Obtaining and Loading Genome Assembly Coordinates from Ensembl Annotations |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Database Release |
Title: |
Protein Ontology Association Load. |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2005 |
|
Title: |
Obtaining and loading genome assembly coordinates from NCBI annotations |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
Mouse Microarray Data Integration in Mouse Genome Informatics, the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array Platform |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Domain |
Type: |
Family |
Description: |
The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors []are members of the rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. There are three hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors, termed HCAR1-3. The family was formerly known as nicotinic acid receptor family, although nicotinic acid only shows submicromolar potency at HCAR2 [, ].The receptors respond to organic acids, including the endogenous short chain fatty acids, butyric acid and L-lactic acid, as well as the lipid lowering agents nicotinic acid (niacin), acipimox and acifran [, , ]. There is an increasing number of synthetic ligands mainly targeted at HCAR2 and HCAR3 receptors [, ]. All three receptors are expressed in adipocytes, and are coupled to Gi type G-proteins mediating antilipolytic effects in fat cells [, , , ]. HCAR2 and HCAR3 are also expressed in a variety of immune cells including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and Langerhans cells [, ]. HCAR1 and HCAR2 are found in most mammalian species, whereas HCAR3 is only present in higher primates []. There is evidence that these receptors can mediate anti-inflammatory effects. HCAR2 has been shown to be a receptor for the anti-dyslipidemic drug nicotinic acid (niacin) as well as for the anti-psoriatic drug monomethyl-fumarate [, ]. This entry represents hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1, also known as lactate receptor 1, G protein coupled receptor 104 and G-protein coupled receptor 81. The endogenous ligand for HCAR1 is L-lactic acid []. |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Soga T |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
Biochem Biophys Res Commun |
Title: |
Molecular identification of nicotinic acid receptor. |
Volume: |
303 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
364-9 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Offermanns S |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
Pharmacol Rev |
Title: |
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXII: Nomenclature and Classification of Hydroxy-carboxylic Acid Receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B). |
Volume: |
63 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
269-90 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Tunaru S |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
Nat Med |
Title: |
PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect. |
Volume: |
9 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
352-5 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Wise A |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid. |
Volume: |
278 |
Issue: |
11 |
Pages: |
9869-74 |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Skinner PJ |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
Bioorg Med Chem Lett |
Title: |
5-N,N-Disubstituted 5-aminopyrazole-3-carboxylic acids are highly potent agonists of GPR109b. |
Volume: |
19 |
Issue: |
15 |
Pages: |
4207-9 |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Shen HC |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
J Med Chem |
Title: |
Discovery of novel tricyclic full agonists for the G-protein-coupled niacin receptor 109A with minimized flushing in rats. |
Volume: |
52 |
Issue: |
8 |
Pages: |
2587-602 |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Maciejewski-Lenoir D |
Year: |
2006 |
Journal: |
J Invest Dermatol |
Title: |
Langerhans cells release prostaglandin D2 in response to nicotinic acid. |
Volume: |
126 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
2637-46 |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Irukayama-Tomobe Y |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Title: |
Aromatic D-amino acids act as chemoattractant factors for human leukocytes through a G protein-coupled receptor, GPR109B. |
Volume: |
106 |
Issue: |
10 |
Pages: |
3930-4 |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Ahmed K |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) |
Title: |
Biological roles and therapeutic potential of hydroxy-carboxylic Acid receptors. |
Volume: |
2 |
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Pages: |
51 |
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Protein Domain |
Type: |
Family |
Description: |
The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors []are members of the rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. There are three hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors, termed HCAR1-3. The family was formerly known as nicotinic acid receptor family, although nicotinic acid only shows submicromolar potency at HCAR2 [, ].The receptors respond to organic acids, including the endogenous short chain fatty acids, butyric acid and L-lactic acid, as well as the lipid lowering agents nicotinic acid (niacin), acipimox and acifran [, , ]. There is an increasing number of synthetic ligands mainly targeted at HCAR2 and HCAR3 receptors [, ]. All three receptors are expressed in adipocytes, and are coupled to Gi type G-proteins mediating antilipolytic effects in fat cells [, , , ]. HCAR2 and HCAR3 are also expressed in a variety of immune cells including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and Langerhans cells [, ]. HCAR1 and HCAR2 are found in most mammalian species, whereas HCAR3 is only present in higher primates []. There is evidence that these receptors can mediate anti-inflammatory effects. HCAR2 has been shown to be a receptor for the anti-dyslipidemic drug nicotinic acid (niacin) as well as for the anti-psoriatic drug monomethyl-fumarate [, ]. This entry represents two members of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor family, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (also known as niacin receptor 1, G protein-coupled receptor 109A, nicotinic acid receptor, HM74A) and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 (also known as niacin receptor 2, G protein-coupled receptor 109B, low affinity nicotinic acid receptor). The endogenous ligands of HCAR2 and HCAR3 are beta-D-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid, respectively []. |
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Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
343
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
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Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
351
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
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Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
351
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
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