Type |
Details |
Score |
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
human |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
pig, domestic |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
chimpanzee |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
dog, domestic |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
cattle |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Gene |
Type: |
gene |
Organism: |
macaque, rhesus |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Domain |
Type: |
Family |
Description: |
The protamines are a diverse family of small arginine-rich proteins that are synthesized in the late-stage spermatids of many animals and plants. They bind to DNA, condensing the spermatid genome into a genetically inactive state. The two protamines found in mammals, P1 and P2, are the most widely studied. Both P1 and P2 have been shown to be required for normal sperm function in primates and many rodents []. This entry represents protamine 2 (PRM2), which is present in haploid spermatogenic cells of human, mouse and other primates. The protamine P2 gene codes for a P2 precursor, pro-P2 which is later processed by proteolytic cleavages in its N-terminal region to form the mature P2 protamines []. |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Cho C |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
Biol Reprod |
Title: |
Protamine 2 deficiency leads to sperm DNA damage and embryo death in mice. |
Volume: |
69 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
211-7 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Cho C |
Year: |
2001 |
Journal: |
Nat Genet |
Title: |
Haploinsufficiency of protamine-1 or -2 causes infertility in mice. |
Volume: |
28 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
82-6 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Malla AB |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
J Cell Sci |
Title: |
IP6K1 is essential for chromatoid body formation and temporal regulation of Tnp2 and Prm2 expression in mouse spermatids. |
Volume: |
130 |
Issue: |
17 |
Pages: |
2854-2866 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
107
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
107
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
107
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
107
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
107
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
107
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Balhorn R |
Year: |
2007 |
Journal: |
Genome Biol |
Title: |
The protamine family of sperm nuclear proteins. |
Volume: |
8 |
Issue: |
9 |
Pages: |
227 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Retief JD |
Year: |
1993 |
Journal: |
Eur J Biochem |
Title: |
Evolution of pro-protamine P2 genes in primates. |
Volume: |
214 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
609-15 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Schneider S |
Year: |
2016 |
Journal: |
Sci Rep |
Title: |
Re-visiting the Protamine-2 locus: deletion, but not haploinsufficiency, renders male mice infertile. |
Volume: |
6 |
|
Pages: |
36764 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Schneider S |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
Cells |
Title: |
Protamine-2 Deficiency Initiates a Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Mediated Destruction Cascade during Epididymal Sperm Maturation in Mice. |
Volume: |
9 |
Issue: |
8 |
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Arévalo L |
Year: |
2022 |
Journal: |
PLoS Genet |
Title: |
Loss of the cleaved-protamine 2 domain leads to incomplete histone-to-protamine exchange and infertility in mice. |
Volume: |
18 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
e1010272 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Fukuda N |
Year: |
2013 |
Journal: |
PLoS Genet |
Title: |
The transacting factor CBF-A/Hnrnpab binds to the A2RE/RTS element of protamine 2 mRNA and contributes to its translational regulation during mouse spermatogenesis. |
Volume: |
9 |
Issue: |
10 |
Pages: |
e1003858 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Itoh K |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
Sci Signal |
Title: |
Dephosphorylation of protamine 2 at serine 56 is crucial for murine sperm maturation in vivo. |
Volume: |
12 |
Issue: |
574 |
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Dai L |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Testis-specific miRNA-469 up-regulated in gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25)-null mice silences transition protein 2 and protamine 2 messages at sites within coding region: implications of its role in germ cell development. |
Volume: |
286 |
Issue: |
52 |
Pages: |
44306-18 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Zhong J |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
Nat Genet |
Title: |
A double-stranded RNA binding protein required for activation of repressed messages in mammalian germ cells. |
Volume: |
22 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
171-4 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Martins RP |
Year: |
2004 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Nuclear matrix interactions at the human protamine domain: a working model of potentiation. |
Volume: |
279 |
Issue: |
50 |
Pages: |
51862-8 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Schlüter G |
Year: |
1996 |
Journal: |
Mol Reprod Dev |
Title: |
Sequence analysis of the conserved protamine gene cluster shows that it contains a fourth expressed gene. |
Volume: |
43 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
1-6 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
Mus caroli |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
mouse, laboratory |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
Mus pahari |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Coding Gene |
Type: |
protein_coding_gene |
Organism: |
Mus spretus |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Yelick PC |
Year: |
1987 |
Journal: |
Mol Cell Biol |
Title: |
Mouse protamine 2 is synthesized as a precursor whereas mouse protamine 1 is not. |
Volume: |
7 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
2173-9 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Johnson PA |
Year: |
1991 |
Journal: |
Biol Reprod |
Title: |
Protein binding regions in the mouse and rat protamine-2 genes. |
Volume: |
44 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
127-34 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ha H |
Year: |
1997 |
Journal: |
J Cell Biochem |
Title: |
Tissue-specific protein-DNA interactions of the mouse protamine 2 gene promoter. |
Volume: |
64 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
94-105 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Yiu GK |
Year: |
1997 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Novel testis-specific protein-DNA interactions activate transcription of the mouse protamine 2 gene during spermatogenesis. |
Volume: |
272 |
Issue: |
43 |
Pages: |
26926-33 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:3701288 |
Assay Type: |
RT-PCR |
Annotation Date: |
2007-03-28 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3701331 |
Age: |
postnatal |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
+/+ |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:3701288 |
Assay Type: |
RT-PCR |
Annotation Date: |
2007-03-28 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3701331 |
Age: |
postnatal |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
+/- |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:3701288 |
Assay Type: |
RT-PCR |
Annotation Date: |
2007-03-28 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3701331 |
Age: |
postnatal |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
-/- |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
3 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4356487 |
Assay Type: |
RT-PCR |
Annotation Date: |
2009-09-14 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4357820 |
Age: |
postnatal week 12 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
+/+ |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4356487 |
Assay Type: |
RT-PCR |
Annotation Date: |
2009-09-14 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4357820 |
Age: |
postnatal week 12 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
+/- |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4356487 |
Assay Type: |
RT-PCR |
Annotation Date: |
2009-09-14 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4357820 |
Age: |
postnatal week 12 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
-/- |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
3 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5637960 |
Assay Type: |
Northern blot |
Annotation Date: |
2015-06-01 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5637972 |
Age: |
postnatal day 45 |
Image: |
2 |
|
Specimen Label: |
+/+ |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5637960 |
Assay Type: |
Northern blot |
Annotation Date: |
2015-06-01 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5637972 |
Age: |
postnatal day 45 |
Image: |
2 |
|
Specimen Label: |
+/- |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5637960 |
Assay Type: |
Northern blot |
Annotation Date: |
2015-06-01 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5637972 |
Age: |
postnatal day 45 |
Image: |
2 |
|
Specimen Label: |
-/- |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
3 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:7781439 |
Assay Type: |
RT-PCR |
Annotation Date: |
2024-11-19 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1797228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:7781525 |
Age: |
postnatal |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
1 |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Bower PA |
Year: |
1987 |
Journal: |
Biol Reprod |
Title: |
Both P1 and P2 protamine genes are expressed in mouse, hamster, and rat. |
Volume: |
37 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
479-88 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Green GR |
Year: |
1994 |
Journal: |
Mol Reprod Dev |
Title: |
Synthesis and processing of mammalian protamines and transition proteins. |
Volume: |
37 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
255-63 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Kleene KC |
Year: |
1983 |
Journal: |
Dev Biol |
Title: |
cDNA clones encoding cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNAs which first appear at detectable levels in haploid phases of spermatogenesis in the mouse. |
Volume: |
98 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
455-64 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Hecht NB |
Year: |
1986 |
Journal: |
Somat Cell Mol Genet |
Title: |
Mapping of haploid expressed genes: genes for both mouse protamines are located on chromosome 16. |
Volume: |
12 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
203-8 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Reeves RH |
Year: |
1989 |
Journal: |
J Hered |
Title: |
Mapping of PRM1 to human chromosome 16 and tight linkage of Prm-1 and Prm-2 on mouse chromosome 16. |
Volume: |
80 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
442-6 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Fajardo MA |
Year: |
1994 |
Journal: |
Dev Biol |
Title: |
Germ cell-specific proteins interact with the 3' untranslated regions of Prm-1 and Prm-2 mRNA. |
Volume: |
166 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
643-53 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Miller RD |
Year: |
1993 |
Journal: |
Mouse Genome |
Title: |
Orientation of mahoganoid relative to Prm-2 |
Volume: |
91 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
133 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Johnson PA |
Year: |
1988 |
Journal: |
Biochim Biophys Acta |
Title: |
Sequence homologies in the mouse protamine 1 and 2 genes. |
Volume: |
950 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
45-53 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Choi YC |
Year: |
1997 |
Journal: |
Mamm Genome |
Title: |
Genomic analysis of the mouse protamine 1, protamine 2, and transition protein 2 gene cluster reveals hypermethylation in expressing cells. |
Volume: |
8 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
317-23 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Delpire E |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
Nat Genet |
Title: |
Deafness and imbalance associated with inactivation of the secretory Na-K-2Cl co-transporter. |
Volume: |
22 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
192-5 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Keime S |
Year: |
1992 |
Journal: |
Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler |
Title: |
Characterization of four genes encoding basic proteins of the porcine spermatid nucleus and close linkage of three of them. |
Volume: |
373 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
261-70 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Engel W |
Year: |
1992 |
Journal: |
Cytogenet Cell Genet |
Title: |
The genes for protamine 1 and 2 (PRM1 and PRM2) and transition protein 2 (TNP2) are closely linked in the mammalian genome. |
Volume: |
61 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
158-9 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Yang J |
Year: |
2005 |
Journal: |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Title: |
The DNA/RNA-binding protein MSY2 marks specific transcripts for cytoplasmic storage in mouse male germ cells. |
Volume: |
102 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
1513-8 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Xing W |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
Biochem Biophys Res Commun |
Title: |
Role of follitropin receptor signaling in nuclear protein transitions and chromatin condensation during spermatogenesis. |
Volume: |
312 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
697-701 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Reeves RH |
Year: |
1991 |
Journal: |
Mamm Genome |
Title: |
Comparison of interspecific to intersubspecific backcrosses demonstrates species and sex differences in recombination frequency on mouse chromosome 16. |
Volume: |
1 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
158-64 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Miller RD |
Year: |
1993 |
Journal: |
Genomics |
Title: |
The mouse severe combined immune deficiency (scid) mutation is closely linked to the B-cell-specific developmental genes VpreB and lambda 5. |
Volume: |
16 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
740-4 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Govin J |
Year: |
2007 |
Journal: |
J Cell Biol |
Title: |
Pericentric heterochromatin reprogramming by new histone variants during mouse spermiogenesis. |
Volume: |
176 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
283-94 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Charles CH |
Year: |
1992 |
Journal: |
Oncogene |
Title: |
cDNA sequence of a growth factor-inducible immediate early gene and characterization of its encoded protein. |
Volume: |
7 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
187-90 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Nayernia K |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Inactivation of a testis-specific Lis1 transcript in mice prevents spermatid differentiation and causes male infertility. |
Volume: |
278 |
Issue: |
48 |
Pages: |
48377-85 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Irving NG |
Year: |
1993 |
Journal: |
Mamm Genome |
Title: |
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