| Type | disruption phenotype | Description | Mice show randomization of the embryo turning process and heart looping, which are hallmarks of defective left-right (LR) axis patterning. Motile monocilia normally present at the surface of the embryonic node, and proposed to initiate the break in LR symmetry, are absent. Furthermore, defects in central nervous system development are observed. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is down-regulated in the neural tube, resulting in failure to establish ventral neural cell fate. |
