Peptide methionine sulphoxide reductase (Msr) reverses the inactivation of many proteins due to the oxidation of critical methionine residues by reducing methionine sulphoxide, Met(O), to methionine []. It is present in most living organisms, and the cognate structural gene belongs to the so-called minimum gene set [, ].The domains MsrA and MsrB reduce different epimeric forms of methionine sulphoxide. This group represent MsrA, the crystal structure of which has been determined in a number of organisms. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the MsrA structure has been determined to 1.5 Angstrom resolution []. In contrast to the three catalytic cysteine residues found in previously characterised MsrA structures, M. tuberculosis MsrA represents a class containing only two functional cysteine residues. The overall structure shows no resemblance to the structures of MsrB () from other organisms; though the active sites show approximate mirror symmetry. In each case, conserved amino acid motifs mediate the stereo-specific recognition and reduction of the substrate. In a number of pathogenic bacteria including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the MsrA and MsrB domains are fused; the MsrA being N-terminal to MsrB. This arrangement is reversed in Treponema pallidum. In N. gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis a thioredoxin domain is fused to the N terminus. This may function to reduce the active sites of the downstream MsrA and MsrB domains.
Peptide methionine sulphoxide reductase (Msr) reverses the inactivation of many proteins due to the oxidation of critical methionine residues by reducing methionine sulphoxide, Met(O), to methionine []. It is present in most living organisms, and the cognate structural gene belongs to the so-called minimum gene set [, ].The domains MsrA and MsrB reduce different epimeric forms of methionine sulphoxide. This group represent MsrA, the crystal structure of which has been determined in a number of organisms. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the MsrA structure has been determined to 1.5 Angstrom resolution []. In contrast to the three catalytic cysteine residues found in previously characterised MsrA structures, M. tuberculosis MsrA represents a class containing only two functional cysteine residues. The overall structure shows no resemblance to the structures of MsrB () from other organisms; though the active sites show approximate mirror symmetry. In each case, conserved amino acid motifs mediate the stereo-specific recognition and reduction of the substrate. In a number of pathogenic bacteria including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the MsrA and MsrB domains are fused; the MsrA being N-terminal to MsrB. This arrangement is reversed in Treponema pallidum. In N. gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis a thioredoxin domain is fused to the N terminus. This may function to reduce the active sites of the downstream MsrA and MsrB domains.
Peptide methionine sulphoxide reductase (Msr) reverses the inactivation of many proteins due to the oxidation of critical methionine residues by reducing methionine sulphoxide, Met(O), to methionine []. It is present in most living organisms, and the cognate structural gene belongs to the so-called minimum gene set [, ].The domains: MsrA and MsrB, reduce different epimeric forms of methionine sulphoxide. This group represents MsrB, the crystal structure of which has been determined to 1.8A []. The overall structure shows no resemblance to the structures of MsrA () from other organisms; though the active sites show approximate mirror symmetry. In each case, conserved amino acid motifs mediate the stereo-specific recognition and reduction of the substrate. Unlike the MsrA domain, the MsrB domain activates the cysteine or selenocysteine nucleophile through a unique Cys-Arg-Asp/Glu catalytic triad. The collapse of the reaction intermediate most likely results in the formation of a sulphenic or selenenic acid moiety. Regeneration of the active site occurs through a series of thiol-disulphide exchange steps involving another active site Cys residue and thioredoxin.In a number of pathogenic bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the MsrA and MsrB domains are fused; the MsrA being N-terminal to MsrB. This arrangement is reversed in Treponema pallidum. In N. gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, a thioredoxin domain is fused to the N terminus. This may function to reduce the active sites of the downstream MsrA and MsrB domains.
The oxidation of methionine residues in proteins is considered to be one of the consequences of oxidative damage to cells, which in many cases leads to the loss of biological activity. Peptide methionine sulphoxide reductase (Msr) reverses the inactivation of many proteins due to the oxidation of critical methionine residues by reducing methionine sulphoxide, (MetO), to methionine []. Methionine (Met) can be oxidised to the R and S diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide (MetO). Methionine sulfoxide reductases A (MsrA) and B (MsrB) reduce MetO back to Met in a stereospecific manner, acting on the S and R forms, respectively. Msr is present in most living organisms [, ].Many bacteria, particularly pathogens, possess methionine sulfoxide reductase MsrA and MsrB as a fusion form (MsrAB) []. This entry includes MsrB and the fusion form of these enzymes.
