Thyrotroph embryonic factor (TEF) belongs to the PAR (Proline and Acidic amino acid-Rich basic leucine ZIPper) transcription factor family, which consists of HLF, DBP and TEF proteins []. TEF may bind DNA specifically as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with other PAR factors. It binds to the consensus sequence 5'-GTTACGTAAT-3' []. TEF is involved in the regulation of apoptotic proteins [, ]. In chicken it is known as VBP, which binds to and transactivates the vitellogenin II (VTG2) promoter [, ].
The mammalian TEF and the Drosophila scalloped genes belong to a conserved family of transcriptional factors that possesses aTEA/ATTS DNA-binding domain. Transcriptional activation by these proteins likely requires interactions with specific coactivators. InDrosophila, Scalloped (Sd) interacts with Vestigial (Vg) to form a complex, which binds DNA through the Sd TEA/ATTS domain.The Sd-Vg heterodimer is a key regulator of wing development, which directly controls several target genes and is able to induce wingoutgrowth when ectopically expressed. The human protein, TONDU, contains a short domain homologous to the domain of Vg required for interaction withSd. TONDU specifically interacts with a domain conserved in all the mammalian TEF factors [].
D site-binding protein (DBP) belongs to the PAR (Proline and Acidic amino acid-Rich basic leucine ZIPper) transcription factor family, which consists of HLF, DBP and TEF proteins []. DBP may bind DNA specifically as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with other PAR factors. It accumulates in the liver according to a very strong circadian rhythm regulated by hormones [].
Hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) belongs to the PAR (Proline and Acidic amino acid-Rich basic leucine ZIPper) transcription factor family, which consists of HLF, DBP and TEF proteins []. HLF binds DNA specifically as a homodimer or as a heterodimer with other PAR factors. It binds to the consensus sequence 5'-GTTACGTAAT-3' []. In B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), it fuses to the N terminus of the E2A protein [], and this chimeric protein promotes cell survival of t(17;19)-ALL cells by aberrantly up-regulating the expression of hematopoiesis transcription regulator LMO2 []. HLF regulates a complex multi-gene transcriptional program that involves upregulation of anti-apoptotic genes and downregulation of pro-apoptotic genes [].
The TEAD family (also known as TEF family) transcription factors play a key role in the Hippo signaling pathway, a pathway involved in organ size control and tumour suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein MST1/MST2, in complex with its regulatory protein SAV1, phosphorylates and activates LATS1/2 in complex with its regulatory protein MOB1, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates YAP1 oncoprotein and WWTR1/TAZ. TEAD transcription factors act by mediating gene expression of YAP1 and WWTR1/TAZ, thereby regulating cell proliferation, migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction [, ].Four TEAD genes exist in mammals (TEAD 1 to 4). TEAD3 (transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-5) has a role in placental development [].
The TEAD family (also known as the TEF family) transcription factors play a key role in the Hippo signaling pathway, a pathway involved in organ size control and tumor suppression by restricting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. The core of this pathway is composed of a kinase cascade wherein MST1/MST2, in complex with its regulatory protein SAV1, phosphorylates and activates LATS1/2 in complex with its regulatory protein MOB1, which in turn phosphorylates and inactivates YAP1 oncoprotein and WWTR1/TAZ. TEAD transcription factors act by mediating gene expression of YAP1 and WWTR1/TAZ, thereby regulating cell proliferation, migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) induction [, ].Four TEAD genes exist in mammals (TEAD 1 to 4). TEAD4 protein (also known as TEF-3) was reported to regulate muscle-specific genes in cardiac and smooth muscle cells []. Alternatively spliced transcripts for TEAD4 have been identified in human retinal vascular endothelial cells []. TEAD4 protein has been shown to enhance VEGF gene expression in bovine aortic endothelial cells [].
The mammalian TEF and the Drosophila scalloped genes belong to a conserved family of transcriptional factors that possesses a TEA/ATTS DNA-binding domain. Transcriptional activation by these proteins likely requires interactions with specific coactivators.In Drosophila, Vestigial (Vg) has a short 25 aa motif necessary and sufficient to interact with Scalloped (Sd) to form a complex. This motif is also present in four mammalian proteins, which are named Vestigial-like proteins (Vgl1-4) [, , ].In Drosophila, the Vg-Sd complex binds DNA through the Sd TEA/ATTS domain. The Sd-Vg heterodimer is a key regulator of wing development, which directly controls several target genes and is able to induce wing outgrowth when ectopically expressed. This short conserved region is needed for interaction with Sd [].Mammalian Vgl-1 may promote cancer progression []. Vgl-2 interacts with TEF-1and MEF2 to promote skeletal muscle differentiation []. Vgl-4, is the only member of the Vestigial-like family expressed in the heart [].
