|  Help  |  About  |  Contact Us

Search our database by keyword

- or -

Examples

  • Search this entire website. Enter identifiers, names or keywords for genes, diseases, strains, ontology terms, etc. (e.g. Pax6, Parkinson, ataxia)
  • Use OR to search for either of two terms (e.g. OR mus) or quotation marks to search for phrases (e.g. "dna binding").
  • Boolean search syntax is supported: e.g. Balb* for partial matches or mus AND NOT embryo to exclude a term

Search results 301 to 400 out of 807 for Smad1

Category restricted to Publication (x)

0.072s

Categories

Category: Publication
Type Details Score
Publication
First Author: Fetting JL
Year: 2014
Journal: Development
Title: FOXD1 promotes nephron progenitor differentiation by repressing decorin in the embryonic kidney.
Volume: 141
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-27
Publication
First Author: Li L
Year: 2011
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: BmprIa is required in mesenchymal tissue and has limited redundant function with BmprIb in tooth and palate development.
Volume: 349
Issue: 2
Pages: 451-61
Publication
First Author: Huang J
Year: 2015
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Negative and positive auto-regulation of BMP expression in early eye development.
Volume: 407
Issue: 2
Pages: 256-64
Publication
First Author: Yoon BS
Year: 2005
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Title: Bmpr1a and Bmpr1b have overlapping functions and are essential for chondrogenesis in vivo.
Volume: 102
Issue: 14
Pages: 5062-7
Publication
First Author: Dudas M
Year: 2004
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Tgf-beta3-induced palatal fusion is mediated by Alk-5/Smad pathway.
Volume: 266
Issue: 1
Pages: 96-108
Publication
First Author: Liu X
Year: 2018
Journal: Genesis
Title: Compound mutations in Bmpr1a and Tak1 synergize facial deformities via increased cell death.
Volume: 56
Issue: 3
Pages: e23093
Publication  
First Author: Kruger RE
Year: 2024
Journal: Development
Title: Smad4 is essential for epiblast scaling and morphogenesis after implantation, but nonessential before implantation.
Volume: 151
Issue: 11
Publication
First Author: Park NR
Year: 2016
Journal: J Cell Physiol
Title: Core Binding Factor β Plays a Critical Role During Chondrocyte Differentiation.
Volume: 231
Issue: 1
Pages: 162-71
Publication
First Author: Minoux M
Year: 2013
Journal: Development
Title: Mouse Hoxa2 mutations provide a model for microtia and auricle duplication.
Volume: 140
Issue: 21
Pages: 4386-97
Publication
First Author: Carvalho RL
Year: 2004
Journal: Development
Title: Defective paracrine signalling by TGFbeta in yolk sac vasculature of endoglin mutant mice: a paradigm for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Volume: 131
Issue: 24
Pages: 6237-47
Publication
First Author: Mancini ML
Year: 2007
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Endoglin is required for myogenic differentiation potential of neural crest stem cells.
Volume: 308
Issue: 2
Pages: 520-33
Publication
First Author: Borges L
Year: 2012
Journal: Blood
Title: A critical role for endoglin in the emergence of blood during embryonic development.
Volume: 119
Issue: 23
Pages: 5417-28
Publication
First Author: Norrie JL
Year: 2014
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Dynamics of BMP signaling in limb bud mesenchyme and polydactyly.
Volume: 393
Issue: 2
Pages: 270-281
Publication
First Author: Peralta M
Year: 2020
Journal: Cell Rep
Title: Intraflagellar Transport Complex B Proteins Regulate the Hippo Effector Yap1 during Cardiogenesis.
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: 107932
Publication
First Author: Estrada KD
Year: 2011
Journal: J Bone Miner Res
Title: Smad6 is essential to limit BMP signaling during cartilage development.
Volume: 26
Issue: 10
Pages: 2498-510
Publication
First Author: Jones GN
Year: 2010
Journal: Mol Endocrinol
Title: Neural crest-specific loss of Prkar1a causes perinatal lethality resulting from defects in intramembranous ossification.
Volume: 24
Issue: 8
Pages: 1559-68
Publication
First Author: Matsunobu T
Year: 2009
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Critical roles of the TGF-beta type I receptor ALK5 in perichondrial formation and function, cartilage integrity, and osteoblast differentiation during growth plate development.
Volume: 332
Issue: 2
Pages: 325-38
Publication
First Author: Yuan G
Year: 2018
Journal: Cell Tissue Res
Title: TGF-β signaling inhibits canonical BMP signaling pathway during palate development.
Volume: 371
Issue: 2
Pages: 283-291
Publication
First Author: Thompson MJ
Year: 2023
Journal: Sci Rep
Title: Early radial positional information in the cochlea is optimized by a precise linear BMP gradient and enhanced by SOX2.
Volume: 13
Issue: 1
Pages: 8567
Publication
First Author: Yang J
Year: 2012
Journal: Cardiovasc Res
Title: Inhibition of Notch2 by Numb/Numblike controls myocardial compaction in the heart.
Volume: 96
Issue: 2
Pages: 276-85
Publication
First Author: Gou Y
Year: 2018
Journal: J Dent Res
Title: Protein Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT1 Is Essential for Palatogenesis.
Volume: 97
Issue: 13
Pages: 1510-1518
Publication
First Author: Lin CY
Year: 2012
Journal: J Mol Cell Cardiol
Title: The secondary heart field is a new site of calcineurin/Nfatc1 signaling for semilunar valve development.
Volume: 52
Issue: 5
Pages: 1096-102
Publication  
First Author: Kano S
Year: 2022
Journal: Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Title: The role of the histone methyltransferase SET domain bifurcated 1 during palatal development.
Volume: 598
Pages: 74-80
Publication
First Author: Kibalnyk Y
Year: 2024
Journal: Nat Commun
Title: The chromatin regulator Ankrd11 controls cardiac neural crest cell-mediated outflow tract remodeling and heart function.
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 4632
Publication
First Author: Güemes M
Year: 2014
Journal: J Bone Miner Res
Title: GATA4 is essential for bone mineralization via ERα and TGFβ/BMP pathways.
Volume: 29
Issue: 12
Pages: 2676-87
Publication
First Author: Bjork BC
Year: 2010
Journal: Hum Mol Genet
Title: Prdm16 is required for normal palatogenesis in mice.
Volume: 19
Issue: 5
Pages: 774-89
Publication
First Author: Narimatsu M
Year: 2009
Journal: Cell
Title: Regulation of planar cell polarity by Smurf ubiquitin ligases.
Volume: 137
Issue: 2
Pages: 295-307
Publication
First Author: Liu Y
Year: 2014
Journal: Hum Mol Genet
Title: CHD7 interacts with BMP R-SMADs to epigenetically regulate cardiogenesis in mice.
Volume: 23
Issue: 8
Pages: 2145-56
Publication
First Author: Hall ET
Year: 2024
Journal: Cell
Title: Cytoneme signaling provides essential contributions to mammalian tissue patterning.
Volume: 187
Issue: 2
Pages: 276-293.e23
Publication
First Author: Runck LA
Year: 2014
Journal: Dis Model Mech
Title: Defining the molecular pathologies in cloaca malformation: similarities between mouse and human.
Volume: 7
Issue: 4
Pages: 483-93
Publication
First Author: Närhi K
Year: 2012
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Sostdc1 defines the size and number of skin appendage placodes.
Volume: 364
Issue: 2
Pages: 149-61
Publication  
First Author: Wang W
Year: 2023
Journal: Dis Model Mech
Title: Disrupting Hedgehog signaling in melanocytes by SUFU knockout leads to ocular melanocytosis and anterior segment malformation.
Volume: 16
Issue: 8
Publication
First Author: High FA
Year: 2009
Journal: J Clin Invest
Title: Murine Jagged1/Notch signaling in the second heart field orchestrates Fgf8 expression and tissue-tissue interactions during outflow tract development.
Volume: 119
Issue: 7
Pages: 1986-96
Publication
First Author: Wilkinson L
Year: 2007
Journal: J Am Soc Nephrol
Title: Crim1KST264/KST264 mice implicate Crim1 in the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A activity during glomerular vascular development.
Volume: 18
Issue: 6
Pages: 1697-708
Publication
First Author: Huycke TR
Year: 2019
Journal: Cell
Title: Genetic and Mechanical Regulation of Intestinal Smooth Muscle Development.
Volume: 179
Issue: 1
Pages: 90-105.e21
Publication
First Author: Abe K
Year: 2011
Journal: Biol Reprod
Title: Loss of heterochromatin protein 1 gamma reduces the number of primordial germ cells via impaired cell cycle progression in mice.
Volume: 85
Issue: 5
Pages: 1013-24
Publication
First Author: Fukusumi Y
Year: 2008
Journal: Dev Dyn
Title: Wtap is required for differentiation of endoderm and mesoderm in the mouse embryo.
Volume: 237
Issue: 3
Pages: 618-29
Publication
First Author: Klüppel M
Year: 2005
Journal: Development
Title: Maintenance of chondroitin sulfation balance by chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase 1 is required for chondrocyte development and growth factor signaling during cartilage morphogenesis.
Volume: 132
Issue: 17
Pages: 3989-4003
Publication
First Author: MacKenzie B
Year: 2009
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Twisted gastrulation limits apoptosis in the distal region of the mandibular arch in mice.
Volume: 328
Issue: 1
Pages: 13-23
Publication  
First Author: Saito A
Year: 2012
Journal: Nat Commun
Title: Unfolded protein response, activated by OASIS family transcription factors, promotes astrocyte differentiation.
Volume: 3
Pages: 967
Publication
First Author: Li C
Year: 2017
Journal: J Dent Res
Title: Modulating Wnt Signaling Rescues Palate Morphogenesis in Pax9 Mutant Mice.
Volume: 96
Issue: 11
Pages: 1273-1281
Publication
First Author: Kusano R
Year: 2016
Journal: FEBS Lett
Title: Targeted disruption of the mouse protein phosphatase ppm1l gene leads to structural abnormalities in the brain.
Volume: 590
Issue: 20
Pages: 3606-3615
Publication      
First Author: Cañizares MA
Year: 2019
Journal: J Anat
Title: Multiple steps characterise ventricular layer attrition to form the ependymal cell lining of the adult mouse spinal cord central canal.
Publication  
First Author: Chen X
Year: 2023
Journal: Int J Mol Sci
Title: Deficiency of Fam20b-Catalyzed Glycosaminoglycan Chain Synthesis in Neural Crest Leads to Cleft Palate.
Volume: 24
Issue: 11
Publication
First Author: Ellis LR
Year: 2003
Journal: Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Title: Interaction of Smads with collagen types I, III, and V.
Volume: 310
Issue: 4
Pages: 1117-23
Publication
First Author: Horiki M
Year: 2004
Journal: J Cell Biol
Title: Smad6/Smurf1 overexpression in cartilage delays chondrocyte hypertrophy and causes dwarfism with osteopenia.
Volume: 165
Issue: 3
Pages: 433-45
Publication
First Author: Bleul CC
Year: 2005
Journal: J Immunol
Title: BMP signaling is required for normal thymus development.
Volume: 175
Issue: 8
Pages: 5213-21
Publication
First Author: Gordon J
Year: 2010
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Evidence for an early role for BMP4 signaling in thymus and parathyroid morphogenesis.
Volume: 339
Issue: 1
Pages: 141-54
Publication
First Author: Islam SS
Year: 2013
Journal: PLoS One
Title: Spatio-temporal distribution of Smads and role of Smads/TGF-β/BMP-4 in the regulation of mouse bladder organogenesis.
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: e61340
Publication
First Author: Choe Y
Year: 2014
Journal: J Neurosci
Title: Migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells is controlled by transforming growth factor β family proteins during corticogenesis.
Volume: 34
Issue: 45
Pages: 14973-83
Publication
First Author: Wu Q
Year: 2016
Journal: PLoS Biol
Title: Sexual Fate Change of XX Germ Cells Caused by the Deletion of SMAD4 and STRA8 Independent of Somatic Sex Reprogramming.
Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: e1002553
Publication  
First Author: Wang Y
Year: 2024
Journal: Int J Mol Sci
Title: Ectopic Activation of Fgf8 in Dental Mesenchyme Causes Incisor Agenesis and Molar Microdontia.
Volume: 25
Issue: 13
Publication
First Author: Sierro F
Year: 2007
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Title: Disrupted cardiac development but normal hematopoiesis in mice deficient in the second CXCL12/SDF-1 receptor, CXCR7.
Volume: 104
Issue: 37
Pages: 14759-64
Publication
First Author: Blanco S
Year: 2011
Journal: PLoS Genet
Title: The RNA-methyltransferase Misu (NSun2) poises epidermal stem cells to differentiate.
Volume: 7
Issue: 12
Pages: e1002403
Publication
First Author: Ohta K
Year: 2011
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Title: Tsukushi functions as a Wnt signaling inhibitor by competing with Wnt2b for binding to transmembrane protein Frizzled4.
Volume: 108
Issue: 36
Pages: 14962-7
Publication
First Author: Lin YC
Year: 2021
Journal: Am J Hum Genet
Title: SCUBE3 loss-of-function causes a recognizable recessive developmental disorder due to defective bone morphogenetic protein signaling.
Volume: 108
Issue: 1
Pages: 115-133
Publication
First Author: Lüdtke TH
Year: 2016
Journal: Dev Cell
Title: Tbx2 and Tbx3 Act Downstream of Shh to Maintain Canonical Wnt Signaling during Branching Morphogenesis of the Murine Lung.
Volume: 39
Issue: 2
Pages: 239-253
Publication
First Author: Caubit X
Year: 2008
Journal: Development
Title: Teashirt 3 is necessary for ureteral smooth muscle differentiation downstream of SHH and BMP4.
Volume: 135
Issue: 19
Pages: 3301-10
Publication
First Author: Spoelgen R
Year: 2005
Journal: Development
Title: LRP2/megalin is required for patterning of the ventral telencephalon.
Volume: 132
Issue: 2
Pages: 405-14
Publication
First Author: Morikawa Y
Year: 2009
Journal: Dev Neurosci
Title: Detailed expression pattern of Foxp1 and its possible roles in neurons of the spinal cord during embryogenesis.
Volume: 31
Issue: 6
Pages: 511-22
Publication
First Author: Moroishi T
Year: 2011
Journal: Cell Metab
Title: The FBXL5-IRP2 axis is integral to control of iron metabolism in vivo.
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: 339-51
Publication
First Author: Roux M
Year: 2015
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Hoxb1 regulates proliferation and differentiation of second heart field progenitors in pharyngeal mesoderm and genetically interacts with Hoxa1 during cardiac outflow tract development.
Volume: 406
Issue: 2
Pages: 247-58
Publication
First Author: Blitz E
Year: 2009
Journal: Dev Cell
Title: Bone ridge patterning during musculoskeletal assembly is mediated through SCX regulation of Bmp4 at the tendon-skeleton junction.
Volume: 17
Issue: 6
Pages: 861-73
Publication
First Author: Närhi K
Year: 2008
Journal: Development
Title: Sustained epithelial beta-catenin activity induces precocious hair development but disrupts hair follicle down-growth and hair shaft formation.
Volume: 135
Issue: 6
Pages: 1019-28
Publication
First Author: Zhao T
Year: 2006
Journal: Eur J Neurosci
Title: Emx2 in the developing hippocampal fissure region.
Volume: 23
Issue: 11
Pages: 2895-907
Publication
First Author: Tanimoto Y
Year: 2012
Journal: J Biol Chem
Title: Prevention of premature fusion of calvarial suture in GLI-Kruppel family member 3 (Gli3)-deficient mice by removing one allele of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2).
Volume: 287
Issue: 25
Pages: 21429-38
Publication
First Author: Hager-Theodorides AL
Year: 2002
Journal: J Immunol
Title: Bone morphogenetic protein 2/4 signaling regulates early thymocyte differentiation.
Volume: 169
Issue: 10
Pages: 5496-504
Publication  
First Author: Nie X
Year: 2021
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: mTOR deletion in neural crest cells disrupts cardiac outflow tract remodeling and causes a spectrum of cardiac defects through the mTORC1 pathway.
Volume: 477
Pages: 241-250
Publication
First Author: Vincentz JW
Year: 2016
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Title: Exclusion of Dlx5/6 expression from the distal-most mandibular arches enables BMP-mediated specification of the distal cap.
Volume: 113
Issue: 27
Pages: 7563-8
Publication
First Author: Yen HY
Year: 2010
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Jagged1 functions downstream of Twist1 in the specification of the coronal suture and the formation of a boundary between osteogenic and non-osteogenic cells.
Volume: 347
Issue: 2
Pages: 258-70
Publication  
First Author: Motamedi FJ
Year: 2014
Journal: Nat Commun
Title: WT1 controls antagonistic FGF and BMP-pSMAD pathways in early renal progenitors.
Volume: 5
Pages: 4444
Publication
First Author: Jia S
Year: 2013
Journal: Development
Title: Roles of Bmp4 during tooth morphogenesis and sequential tooth formation.
Volume: 140
Issue: 2
Pages: 423-32
Publication
First Author: Yang YP
Year: 2010
Journal: Hum Mol Genet
Title: BMP antagonism protects Nodal signaling in the gastrula to promote the tissue interactions underlying mammalian forebrain and craniofacial patterning.
Volume: 19
Issue: 15
Pages: 3030-42
Publication
First Author: Morikawa Y
Year: 2009
Journal: Development
Title: BMP signaling regulates sympathetic nervous system development through Smad4-dependent and -independent pathways.
Volume: 136
Issue: 21
Pages: 3575-84
Publication
First Author: Wu M
Year: 2008
Journal: J Clin Invest
Title: Persistent expression of Pax3 in the neural crest causes cleft palate and defective osteogenesis in mice.
Volume: 118
Issue: 6
Pages: 2076-87
Publication  
First Author: Iyyanar PPR
Year: 2017
Journal: Front Physiol
Title: Hoxa2 Inhibits Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling during Osteogenic Differentiation of the Palatal Mesenchyme.
Volume: 8
Pages: 929
Publication
First Author: Kawasaki M
Year: 2016
Journal: Dev Dyn
Title: Regional regulation of Filiform tongue papillae development by Ikkα/Irf6.
Volume: 245
Issue: 9
Pages: 937-46
Publication
First Author: Suzuki K
Year: 2012
Journal: PLoS One
Title: Reduced BMP signaling results in hindlimb fusion with lethal pelvic/urogenital organ aplasia: a new mouse model of sirenomelia.
Volume: 7
Issue: 9
Pages: e43453
Publication
First Author: McCulloch DR
Year: 2009
Journal: Dev Cell
Title: ADAMTS metalloproteases generate active versican fragments that regulate interdigital web regression.
Volume: 17
Issue: 5
Pages: 687-98
Publication
First Author: Bosman EA
Year: 2006
Journal: Development
Title: Smad5 determines murine amnion fate through the control of bone morphogenetic protein expression and signalling levels.
Volume: 133
Issue: 17
Pages: 3399-409
Publication
First Author: Forni PE
Year: 2013
Journal: J Neurosci
Title: The indirect role of fibroblast growth factor-8 in defining neurogenic niches of the olfactory/GnRH systems.
Volume: 33
Issue: 50
Pages: 19620-34
Publication
First Author: Choe Y
Year: 2013
Journal: J Neurosci
Title: Bone morphogenic protein signaling is a major determinant of dentate development.
Volume: 33
Issue: 16
Pages: 6766-75
Publication
First Author: Ybot-Gonzalez P
Year: 2007
Journal: Development
Title: Neural plate morphogenesis during mouse neurulation is regulated by antagonism of Bmp signalling.
Volume: 134
Issue: 17
Pages: 3203-11
Publication
First Author: Mendelsohn AI
Year: 2017
Journal: Neuron
Title: Divergent Hox Coding and Evasion of Retinoid Signaling Specifies Motor Neurons Innervating Digit Muscles.
Volume: 93
Issue: 4
Pages: 792-805.e4
Publication  
First Author: Huang BL
Year: 2016
Journal: Nat Commun
Title: An interdigit signalling centre instructs coordinate phalanx-joint formation governed by 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism.
Volume: 7
Pages: 12903
Publication
First Author: Karner CM
Year: 2010
Journal: PLoS One
Title: Lrp4 regulates initiation of ureteric budding and is crucial for kidney formation--a mouse model for Cenani-Lenz syndrome.
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: e10418
Publication
First Author: Chen J
Year: 2009
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Wnt/beta-catenin signaling plays an essential role in activation of odontogenic mesenchyme during early tooth development.
Volume: 334
Issue: 1
Pages: 174-85
Publication
First Author: Molero AE
Year: 2009
Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Title: Impairment of developmental stem cell-mediated striatal neurogenesis and pluripotency genes in a knock-in model of Huntington's disease.
Volume: 106
Issue: 51
Pages: 21900-5
Publication
First Author: Wang Y
Year: 2013
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Enhanced BMP signaling prevents degeneration and leads to endochondral ossification of Meckel's cartilage in mice.
Volume: 381
Issue: 2
Pages: 301-11
Publication
First Author: Chen YH
Year: 2007
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Msx1 and Msx2 regulate survival of secondary heart field precursors and post-migratory proliferation of cardiac neural crest in the outflow tract.
Volume: 308
Issue: 2
Pages: 421-37
Publication  
First Author: Yamaguchi H
Year: 2023
Journal: Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Title: Enhanced BMP signaling leads to enlarged nasal cartilage formation in mice.
Volume: 678
Pages: 173-178
Publication
First Author: Nagai T
Year: 2019
Journal: Dev Dyn
Title: MicroRNAs control eyelid development through regulating Wnt signaling.
Volume: 248
Issue: 3
Pages: 201-210
Publication
First Author: Zhang J
Year: 2010
Journal: Circ Res
Title: The FGF-BMP signaling axis regulates outflow tract valve primordium formation by promoting cushion neural crest cell differentiation.
Volume: 107
Issue: 10
Pages: 1209-19
Publication  
First Author: McCarthy SS
Year: 2022
Journal: Development
Title: Smad4 controls proliferation of interstitial cells in the neonatal kidney.
Volume: 149
Issue: 1
Publication
First Author: Yumoto K
Year: 2013
Journal: J Biol Chem
Title: TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (Tak1) mediates agonist-induced Smad activation and linker region phosphorylation in embryonic craniofacial neural crest-derived cells.
Volume: 288
Issue: 19
Pages: 13467-80
Publication
First Author: Han J
Year: 2007
Journal: Mech Dev
Title: Concerted action of Msx1 and Msx2 in regulating cranial neural crest cell differentiation during frontal bone development.
Volume: 124
Issue: 9-10
Pages: 729-45
Publication
First Author: Song L
Year: 2007
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Essential functions of Alk3 during AV cushion morphogenesis in mouse embryonic hearts.
Volume: 301
Issue: 1
Pages: 276-86
Publication
First Author: Wang JR
Year: 2016
Journal: Genetics
Title: Signaling Cascades Governing Cdc42-Mediated Chondrogenic Differentiation and Mensenchymal Condensation.
Volume: 202
Issue: 3
Pages: 1055-69
Publication
First Author: Clavel C
Year: 2012
Journal: Dev Cell
Title: Sox2 in the dermal papilla niche controls hair growth by fine-tuning BMP signaling in differentiating hair shaft progenitors.
Volume: 23
Issue: 5
Pages: 981-94
Publication
First Author: Mundy C
Year: 2011
Journal: Dev Biol
Title: Synovial joint formation requires local Ext1 expression and heparan sulfate production in developing mouse embryo limbs and spine.
Volume: 351
Issue: 1
Pages: 70-81