Type |
Details |
Score |
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5001926 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2014-02-07 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1796223 |
|
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5542480 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
GUDMAP:11268 |
|
Specimen Label: |
GUDMAP:11268 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Database and National Center for Biotechnology Information |
Year: |
2000 |
Journal: |
Database Release |
Title: |
Entrez Gene Load |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2005 |
|
Title: |
Mouse Synonym Curation |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
The Jackson Laboratory Mouse Radiation Hybrid Database |
Year: |
2004 |
Journal: |
Database Release |
Title: |
Mouse T31 Radiation Hybrid Data Load |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Allen Institute for Brain Science |
Year: |
2004 |
Journal: |
Allen Institute |
Title: |
Allen Brain Atlas: mouse riboprobes |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
Mouse Microarray Data Integration in Mouse Genome Informatics, the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array Platform |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) and The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
Consensus CDS project |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Group |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
Database Procedure |
Title: |
Automatic Encodes (AutoE) Reference |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Bairoch A |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
Database Release |
Title: |
SWISS-PROT Annotated protein sequence database |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2005 |
|
Title: |
Obtaining and Loading Genome Assembly Coordinates from Ensembl Annotations |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
Mouse Microarray Data Integration in Mouse Genome Informatics, the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome U74 Array Platform (A, B, C v2). |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
MGI Genome Annotation Group and UniGene Staff |
Year: |
2015 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
MGI-UniGene Interconnection Effort |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Database Release |
Title: |
Protein Ontology Association Load. |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2005 |
|
Title: |
Obtaining and loading genome assembly coordinates from NCBI annotations |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mouse Genome Informatics Scientific Curators |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
Database Download |
Title: |
Mouse Microarray Data Integration in Mouse Genome Informatics, the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array Platform |
|
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Herjan T |
Year: |
2013 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
HuR is required for IL-17-induced Act1-mediated CXCL1 and CXCL5 mRNA stabilization. |
Volume: |
191 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
640-9 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Shimoura N |
Year: |
2018 |
Journal: |
J Invest Dermatol |
Title: |
Exacerbation and Prolongation of Psoriasiform Inflammation in Diabetic Obese Mice: A Synergistic Role of CXCL5 and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. |
Volume: |
138 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
854-863 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Allele |
Name: |
C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5; endonuclease-mediated mutation 1, Shanghai Model Organisms Center |
Allele Type: |
Endonuclease-mediated |
Attribute String: |
Null/knockout |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Strain |
Attribute String: |
coisogenic, mutant strain, endonuclease-mediated mutation |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Toh B |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
PLoS Biol |
Title: |
Mesenchymal transition and dissemination of cancer cells is driven by myeloid-derived suppressor cells infiltrating the primary tumor. |
Volume: |
9 |
Issue: |
9 |
Pages: |
e1001162 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Novitskiy SV |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
Cancer Discov |
Title: |
TGF-β receptor II loss promotes mammary carcinoma progression by Th17 dependent mechanisms. |
Volume: |
1 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
430-41 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Xue Y |
Year: |
2024 |
Journal: |
J Exp Med |
Title: |
TET2-STAT3-CXCL5 nexus promotes neutrophil lipid transfer to fuel lung adeno-to-squamous transition. |
Volume: |
221 |
Issue: |
7 |
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Gonzalez C |
Year: |
2023 |
Journal: |
Commun Biol |
Title: |
TLR5 agonists enhance anti-tumor immunity and overcome resistance to immune checkpoint therapy. |
Volume: |
6 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
31 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mathur AN |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
Immunity |
Title: |
Treg-Cell Control of a CXCL5-IL-17 Inflammatory Axis Promotes Hair-Follicle-Stem-Cell Differentiation During Skin-Barrier Repair. |
Volume: |
50 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
655-667.e4 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Chen Y |
Year: |
2021 |
Journal: |
Cancer Cell |
Title: |
Type I collagen deletion in αSMA+ myofibroblasts augments immune suppression and accelerates progression of pancreatic cancer. |
Volume: |
39 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
548-565.e6 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Maji S |
Year: |
2023 |
Journal: |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Title: |
MDA-9/Syntenin in the tumor and microenvironment defines prostate cancer bone metastasis. |
Volume: |
120 |
Issue: |
45 |
Pages: |
e2307094120 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Liang SC |
Year: |
2007 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
An IL-17F/A heterodimer protein is produced by mouse Th17 cells and induces airway neutrophil recruitment. |
Volume: |
179 |
Issue: |
11 |
Pages: |
7791-9 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Lee R |
Year: |
2022 |
Journal: |
Cancer Discov |
Title: |
Synthetic Essentiality of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 in APC-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. |
Volume: |
12 |
Issue: |
7 |
Pages: |
1702-1717 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Yaghi OK |
Year: |
2023 |
Journal: |
Nat Immunol |
Title: |
A discrete 'early-responder' stromal-cell subtype orchestrates immunocyte recruitment to injured tissue. |
Volume: |
24 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
2053-2067 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Chen J |
Year: |
2015 |
Journal: |
Exp Hematol |
Title: |
Immune-mediated bone marrow failure in C57BL/6 mice. |
Volume: |
43 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
256-67 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Li X |
Year: |
2012 |
Journal: |
Mol Cancer Res |
Title: |
Loss of TGF-β responsiveness in prostate stromal cells alters chemokine levels and facilitates the development of mixed osteoblastic/osteolytic bone lesions. |
Volume: |
10 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
494-503 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Griffin GK |
Year: |
2012 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
IL-17 and TNF-α sustain neutrophil recruitment during inflammation through synergistic effects on endothelial activation. |
Volume: |
188 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
6287-99 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Sun L |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
IL-10 Dampens an IL-17-Mediated Periodontitis-Associated Inflammatory Network. |
Volume: |
204 |
Issue: |
8 |
Pages: |
2177-2191 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Riedel JH |
Year: |
2016 |
Journal: |
J Am Soc Nephrol |
Title: |
IL-17F Promotes Tissue Injury in Autoimmune Kidney Diseases. |
Volume: |
27 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
3666-3677 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Wang G |
Year: |
2016 |
Journal: |
Cancer Discov |
Title: |
Targeting YAP-Dependent MDSC Infiltration Impairs Tumor Progression. |
Volume: |
6 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
80-95 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ince LM |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
FASEB J |
Title: |
Circadian variation in pulmonary inflammatory responses is independent of rhythmic glucocorticoid signaling in airway epithelial cells. |
Volume: |
33 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
126-139 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Chen W |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
Steroid Receptor Coactivator 3 Contributes to Host Defense against Enteric Bacteria by Recruiting Neutrophils via Upregulation of CXCL2 Expression. |
Volume: |
198 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
1606-1615 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Jung K |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
J Clin Invest |
Title: |
Ly6Clo monocytes drive immunosuppression and confer resistance to anti-VEGFR2 cancer therapy. |
Volume: |
127 |
Issue: |
8 |
Pages: |
3039-3051 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Moreau JM |
Year: |
2021 |
Journal: |
Sci Immunol |
Title: |
Regulatory T cells promote innate inflammation after skin barrier breach via TGF-β activation. |
Volume: |
6 |
Issue: |
62 |
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Foronjy RF |
Year: |
2016 |
Journal: |
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol |
Title: |
TLR9 expression is required for the development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. |
Volume: |
311 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
L154-66 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Kubota A |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
J Mol Cell Cardiol |
Title: |
Matrix metalloproteinase-12 produced by Ly6Clow macrophages prolongs the survival after myocardial infarction by preventing neutrophil influx. |
Volume: |
131 |
|
Pages: |
41-52 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Fogli LK |
Year: |
2013 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
T cell-derived IL-17 mediates epithelial changes in the airway and drives pulmonary neutrophilia. |
Volume: |
191 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
3100-11 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Yamamoto K |
Year: |
2012 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
Type I alveolar epithelial cells mount innate immune responses during pneumococcal pneumonia. |
Volume: |
189 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
2450-9 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Matoba H |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
Am J Pathol |
Title: |
Cecal Tumorigenesis in Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Deficient Mice Depends on Cecum-Specific Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation and Inflammation. |
Volume: |
190 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
453-468 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Tester AM |
Year: |
2007 |
Journal: |
PLoS One |
Title: |
LPS responsiveness and neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo require PMN MMP-8 activity. |
Volume: |
2 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
e312 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ma S |
Year: |
2014 |
Journal: |
Cancer Res |
Title: |
IL-17A produced by γδ T cells promotes tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. |
Volume: |
74 |
Issue: |
7 |
Pages: |
1969-82 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Jin L |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
PLoS Pathog |
Title: |
Diminished neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a novel innate immune deficiency induced by acute ethanol exposure in polymicrobial sepsis, which can be rescued by CXCL1. |
Volume: |
13 |
Issue: |
9 |
Pages: |
e1006637 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Yamamoto K |
Year: |
2014 |
Journal: |
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol |
Title: |
Roles of lung epithelium in neutrophil recruitment during pneumococcal pneumonia. |
Volume: |
50 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
253-62 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Jones SS |
Year: |
2022 |
Journal: |
Front Immunol |
Title: |
Lyl1-deficiency promotes inflammatory responses and increases mycobacterial burden in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. |
Volume: |
13 |
|
Pages: |
948047 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Martinu T |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
Transplantation |
Title: |
IL-17A Contributes to Lung Fibrosis in a Model of Chronic Pulmonary Graft-versus-host Disease. |
Volume: |
103 |
Issue: |
11 |
Pages: |
2264-2274 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Wang Q |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
Cancer Res |
Title: |
ARC Is a Critical Protector against Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and IBD-Associated Colorectal Tumorigenesis. |
Volume: |
80 |
Issue: |
19 |
Pages: |
4158-4171 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Zuk A |
Year: |
2014 |
Journal: |
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol |
Title: |
CXCRâ‚„antagonism as a therapeutic approach to prevent acute kidney injury. |
Volume: |
307 |
Issue: |
7 |
Pages: |
F783-97 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Lin D |
Year: |
2015 |
Journal: |
Eur J Immunol |
Title: |
Secreted IL-1α promotes T-cell activation and expansion of CD11b(+) Gr1(+) cells in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. |
Volume: |
45 |
Issue: |
7 |
Pages: |
2084-98 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Vanderstocken G |
Year: |
2018 |
Journal: |
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol |
Title: |
Identification of Drug Candidates to Suppress Cigarette Smoke-induced Inflammation via Connectivity Map Analyses. |
Volume: |
58 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
727-735 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Kawagoe Y |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
Aging Cell |
Title: |
CXCL5-CXCR2 signaling is a senescence-associated secretory phenotype in preimplantation embryos. |
Volume: |
19 |
Issue: |
10 |
Pages: |
e13240 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Jia H |
Year: |
2016 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
Pulmonary Epithelial TLR4 Activation Leads to Lung Injury in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis. |
Volume: |
197 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
859-71 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Chao T |
Year: |
2016 |
Journal: |
Cancer Immunol Res |
Title: |
CXCR2-Dependent Accumulation of Tumor-Associated Neutrophils Regulates T-cell Immunity in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. |
Volume: |
4 |
Issue: |
11 |
Pages: |
968-982 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Cox SL |
Year: |
2023 |
Journal: |
FASEB J |
Title: |
Circadian disruption in lung fibroblasts enhances NF-κB activity to exacerbate neutrophil recruitment. |
Volume: |
37 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
e22753 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Fu W |
Year: |
2005 |
Journal: |
Cytokine |
Title: |
Cloning and characterization of mouse homolog of the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR1. |
Volume: |
31 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
9-17 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Cerretti DP |
Year: |
1993 |
Journal: |
Mol Immunol |
Title: |
Molecular characterization of receptors for human interleukin-8, GRO/melanoma growth-stimulatory activity and neutrophil activating peptide-2. |
Volume: |
30 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
359-67 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Lee J |
Year: |
1992 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Characterization of two high affinity human interleukin-8 receptors. |
Volume: |
267 |
Issue: |
23 |
Pages: |
16283-7 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ludwig A |
Year: |
2000 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
Identification of distinct surface-expressed and intracellular CXC-chemokine receptor 2 glycoforms in neutrophils: N-glycosylation is essential for maintenance of receptor surface expression. |
Volume: |
165 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
1044-52 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Dunstan CA |
Year: |
1996 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Identification of two rat genes orthologous to the human interleukin-8 receptors. |
Volume: |
271 |
Issue: |
51 |
Pages: |
32770-6 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Doroshenko T |
Year: |
2002 |
Journal: |
Blood |
Title: |
Phagocytosing neutrophils down-regulate the expression of chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. |
Volume: |
100 |
Issue: |
7 |
Pages: |
2668-71 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Chuntharapai A |
Year: |
1994 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
Monoclonal antibodies detect different distribution patterns of IL-8 receptor A and IL-8 receptor B on human peripheral blood leukocytes. |
Volume: |
153 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
5682-8 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Bizzarri C |
Year: |
2006 |
Journal: |
Pharmacol Ther |
Title: |
ELR+ CXC chemokines and their receptors (CXC chemokine receptor 1 and CXC chemokine receptor 2) as new therapeutic targets. |
Volume: |
112 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
139-49 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Heidemann J |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Angiogenic effects of interleukin 8 (CXCL8) in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells are mediated by CXCR2. |
Volume: |
278 |
Issue: |
10 |
Pages: |
8508-15 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Konrad FM |
Year: |
2012 |
Journal: |
Mediators Inflamm |
Title: |
CXCR2 in acute lung injury. |
Volume: |
2012 |
|
Pages: |
740987 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Domain |
Type: |
Family |
Description: |
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).The CXC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine family. There are currently seven known CXC chemokine receptors in mammals, CXCR1 through to CXCR7.CXCR1 and CXCR2, also known as interleukin 8 receptor alpha and beta, respectively [], are closely-related receptors. They act as specific receptors for the CXCL8 and CXCL6 chemokines, which have a glutamate-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif in their N-terminal domains []. CXCR2 also binds additional ELR motif-containing CXC chemokines (such as CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5 and CXCL7) with high affinity [].CXCR1 and CXCR2 are expressed on all granulocytes, monocytes, and mast cells and on some CD8+ T-cells and CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells []. Equal amounts of CXCR1 and CXCR2 are present on neutrophils [, , , , ], but it appears that monocytes and positive lymphocytes express more CXCR2 than CXCR1 [].This entry represents both CXCR1 and CXCR2. |
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Protein Domain |
Type: |
Family |
Description: |
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).The CXC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine family. There are currently seven known CXC chemokine receptors in mammals, CXCR1 through to CXCR7.CXCR1 and CXCR2, also known as interleukin 8 receptor alpha and beta, respectively [], are closely-relatedreceptors. They act as specific receptors for the CXCL8 and CXCL6 chemokines, which have a glutamate-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif in their N-terminal domains []. CXCR2 also binds additional ELR motif-containing CXC chemokines (such as CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5 and CXCL7) with high affinity [].CXCR1 and CXCR2 are expressed on all granulocytes, monocytes, and mast cells and on some CD8+ T-cells and CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells []. Equal amounts of CXCR1 and CXCR2 are present on neutrophils [, , , , ], but it appears that monocytes and positive lymphocytes express more CXCR2 than CXCR1 [].This entry represents CXCR2. The angiogenic effects of CXCL8 in intestinal microvascular endothelial cells are mediated by this receptor []. It has been suggested that the receptor may be a potential theraputic target in acute lung injury []. |
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Protein Domain |
Type: |
Family |
Description: |
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).The CXC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine family. There are currently seven known CXC chemokine receptors in mammals, CXCR1 through to CXCR7.CXCR1 and CXCR2, also known as interleukin 8 receptor alpha and beta, respectively [], are closely-related receptors. They act as specific receptors for the CXCL8 and CXCL6 chemokines, which have a glutamate-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif in their N-terminal domains []. CXCR2 also binds additional ELR motif-containing CXC chemokines (such as CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5 and CXCL7) with high affinity [].CXCR1 and CXCR2 are expressed on all granulocytes, monocytes, and mast cells and on some CD8+ T-cells and CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells []. Equal amounts of CXCR1 and CXCR2 are present on neutrophils [, , , , ], but it appears that monocytes and positive lymphocytes express more CXCR2 than CXCR1 [].This entry represents CXCR1 |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Götz AA |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
Part Fibre Toxicol |
Title: |
Carbon-nanoparticle-triggered acute lung inflammation and its resolution are not altered in PPARγ-defective (P465L) mice. |
Volume: |
8 |
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Pages: |
28 |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Li X |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
Theranostics |
Title: |
A S100A14-CCL2/CXCL5 signaling axis drives breast cancer metastasis. |
Volume: |
10 |
Issue: |
13 |
Pages: |
5687-5703 |
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•
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Publication |
First Author: |
Stachon P |
Year: |
2014 |
Journal: |
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol |
Title: |
P2Y6 deficiency limits vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in mice. |
Volume: |
34 |
Issue: |
10 |
Pages: |
2237-45 |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Niazi MK |
Year: |
2015 |
Journal: |
Dis Model Mech |
Title: |
Lung necrosis and neutrophils reflect common pathways of susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in genetically diverse, immune-competent mice. |
Volume: |
8 |
Issue: |
9 |
Pages: |
1141-53 |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Suzuki K |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol |
Title: |
Deficiency of Stomach-Type Claudin-18 in Mice Induces Gastric Tumor Formation Independent of HÂ pylori Infection. |
Volume: |
8 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
119-142 |
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Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
359
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
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Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
351
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Ma Q |
Year: |
1998 |
Journal: |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Title: |
Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1-deficient mice. |
Volume: |
95 |
Issue: |
16 |
Pages: |
9448-53 |
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•
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Publication |
First Author: |
Horuk R |
Year: |
2001 |
Journal: |
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev |
Title: |
Chemokine receptors. |
Volume: |
12 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
313-35 |
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•
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•
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Publication |
First Author: |
Charbonnier AS |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
J Exp Med |
Title: |
Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha is involved in the constitutive trafficking of epidermal langerhans cells. |
Volume: |
190 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
1755-68 |
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•
•
•
•
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Publication |
First Author: |
Sallusto F |
Year: |
1998 |
Journal: |
J Exp Med |
Title: |
Flexible programs of chemokine receptor expression on human polarized T helper 1 and 2 lymphocytes. |
Volume: |
187 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
875-83 |
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•
•
•
•
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Publication |
First Author: |
Strieter RM |
Year: |
1995 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
The functional role of the ELR motif in CXC chemokine-mediated angiogenesis. |
Volume: |
270 |
Issue: |
45 |
Pages: |
27348-57 |
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•
•
•
•
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Publication |
First Author: |
Zlotnik A |
Year: |
2000 |
Journal: |
Immunity |
Title: |
Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. |
Volume: |
12 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
121-7 |
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