Type |
Details |
Score |
GXD Expression |
|
Assay Type: |
In situ reporter (knock in) |
Annotation Date: |
2006-07-27 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:3599828 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3639261 |
Age: |
postnatal day 66 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
Mouse 394088 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5002202 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2014-02-07 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:2760523 |
|
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5542756 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
GUDMAP:10306 |
|
Specimen Label: |
GUDMAP:10306 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5002202 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2014-02-07 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:2760523 |
|
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5542756 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
|
Specimen Label: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4884927 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2011-04-11 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:3280928 |
Pattern: |
Widespread |
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4945765 |
Age: |
postnatal day 7 |
Image: |
g01466 P7 |
|
Specimen Label: |
g01466 P7 |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
3 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4884927 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2011-04-11 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:3280928 |
Pattern: |
Widespread |
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4945765 |
Age: |
postnatal day 42 |
Image: |
g01466 Adult |
|
Specimen Label: |
g01466 Adult |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
4 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
|
Assay Type: |
In situ reporter (knock in) |
Annotation Date: |
2006-07-27 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1857728 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3639261 |
Age: |
postnatal day 66 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
Mouse 394080 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
|
Assay Type: |
In situ reporter (knock in) |
Annotation Date: |
2006-07-27 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1752528 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3639261 |
Age: |
postnatal day 66 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
Mouse 394080 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4884927 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2011-04-11 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:3266523 |
Pattern: |
Widespread |
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4945765 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
g01466 E15.5 |
|
Specimen Label: |
g01466 E15.5 |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5002202 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2014-02-07 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:2852723 |
Pattern: |
Not Specified |
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5542756 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
GUDMAP:10306 |
|
Specimen Label: |
GUDMAP:10306 |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5002202 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2014-02-07 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:2852723 |
Pattern: |
Not Specified |
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5542756 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
|
Specimen Label: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5002202 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2014-02-07 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:2874723 |
|
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5542756 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
|
Specimen Label: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
|
Assay Type: |
In situ reporter (knock in) |
Annotation Date: |
2006-07-27 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1757728 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3639261 |
Age: |
postnatal day 66 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
Mouse 394080 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
|
Assay Type: |
In situ reporter (knock in) |
Annotation Date: |
2006-07-27 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1757728 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3639261 |
Age: |
postnatal day 66 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
Mouse 394088 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4884927 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2011-04-11 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1757723 |
Pattern: |
Regionally restricted |
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4945765 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
g01466 E15.5 |
Note: |
Expression was region specific and scattered. |
Specimen Label: |
g01466 E15.5 |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4884927 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2011-04-11 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1757728 |
Pattern: |
Widespread |
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4945765 |
Age: |
postnatal day 7 |
Image: |
g01466 P7 |
|
Specimen Label: |
g01466 P7 |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
3 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:4884927 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2011-04-11 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Not Specified |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1757728 |
Pattern: |
Widespread |
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:4945765 |
Age: |
postnatal day 42 |
Image: |
g01466 Adult |
|
Specimen Label: |
g01466 Adult |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
4 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5002202 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2014-02-07 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Male |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:2850023 |
|
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5542756 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
GUDMAP:10306 |
|
Specimen Label: |
GUDMAP:10306 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
1 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5002202 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2014-02-07 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:2850023 |
|
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5542756 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
|
Specimen Label: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
|
Assay Type: |
In situ reporter (knock in) |
Annotation Date: |
2006-07-27 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:2991528 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3639261 |
Age: |
postnatal day 66 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
Mouse 394088 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
|
Assay Type: |
In situ reporter (knock in) |
Annotation Date: |
2006-07-27 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1689428 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3639261 |
Age: |
postnatal day 66 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
Mouse 394088 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
|
Assay Type: |
In situ reporter (knock in) |
Annotation Date: |
2006-07-27 |
Strength: |
Absent |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1796228 |
|
Stage: |
TS28 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:3639261 |
Age: |
postnatal day 66 |
|
|
Specimen Label: |
Mouse 394088 |
Detected: |
false |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
GXD Expression |
Probe: |
MGI:5002202 |
Assay Type: |
RNA in situ |
Annotation Date: |
2014-02-07 |
Strength: |
Present |
Sex: |
Female |
Emaps: |
EMAPS:1796223 |
Pattern: |
Not Specified |
Stage: |
TS23 |
Assay Id: |
MGI:5542756 |
Age: |
embryonic day 15.5 |
Image: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
|
Specimen Label: |
GUDMAP:10307 |
Detected: |
true |
Specimen Num: |
2 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Molica F |
Year: |
2012 |
Journal: |
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol |
Title: |
Cannabinoid receptor CB2 protects against balloon-induced neointima formation. |
Volume: |
302 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
H1064-74 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mohan S |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
J Cell Biochem |
Title: |
Chemokine receptor 3 is a negative regulator of trabecular bone mass in female mice. |
Volume: |
120 |
Issue: |
8 |
Pages: |
13974-13984 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Lima ILA |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
Bone |
Title: |
Contribution of atypical chemokine receptor 2/ackr2 in bone remodeling. |
Volume: |
101 |
|
Pages: |
113-122 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Rajan AJ |
Year: |
2000 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis on the SJL mouse: effect of gamma delta T cell depletion on chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the central nervous system. |
Volume: |
164 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
2120-30 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Lee JE |
Year: |
2007 |
Journal: |
Exp Hematol |
Title: |
Stimulation of osteoclastogenesis by enhanced levels of MIP-1alpha in BALB/c mice in vitro. |
Volume: |
35 |
Issue: |
7 |
Pages: |
1100-8 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Keeter WC |
Year: |
2023 |
Journal: |
Front Cardiovasc Med |
Title: |
Neutrophil-specific STAT4 deficiency attenuates atherosclerotic burden and improves plaque stability via reduction in neutrophil activation and recruitment into aortas of Ldlr(-/-) mice. |
Volume: |
10 |
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Pages: |
1175673 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Fukuda S |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
DNA Cell Biol |
Title: |
Genomic organization of the genes for human and mouse CC chemokine LEC. |
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18 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
275-83 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Jehle J |
Year: |
2018 |
Journal: |
PLoS One |
Title: |
Elevated levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol promote atherogenesis in ApoE-/- mice. |
Volume: |
13 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
e0197751 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Gibaldi D |
Year: |
2020 |
Journal: |
Front Immunol |
Title: |
CCL3/Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1α Is Dually Involved in Parasite Persistence and Induction of a TNF- and IFNγ-Enriched Inflammatory Milieu in Trypanosoma cruzi-Induced Chronic Cardiomyopathy. |
Volume: |
11 |
|
Pages: |
306 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Núñez V |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Title: |
Retinoid X receptor alpha controls innate inflammatory responses through the up-regulation of chemokine expression. |
Volume: |
107 |
Issue: |
23 |
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10626-31 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
356
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Wang W |
Year: |
2000 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Identification of a novel chemokine (CCL28), which binds CCR10 (GPR2). |
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275 |
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29 |
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22313-23 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Röhrl J |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Specific binding and chemotactic activity of mBD4 and its functional orthologue hBD2 to CCR6-expressing cells. |
Volume: |
285 |
Issue: |
10 |
Pages: |
7028-34 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Diao R |
Year: |
2014 |
Journal: |
Sci Transl Med |
Title: |
Deficient human β-defensin 1 underlies male infertility associated with poor sperm motility and genital tract infection. |
Volume: |
6 |
Issue: |
249 |
Pages: |
249ra108 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Humbles AA |
Year: |
2002 |
Journal: |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Title: |
The murine CCR3 receptor regulates both the role of eosinophils and mast cells in allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. |
Volume: |
99 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
1479-84 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Zaballos A |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
Cutting edge: identification of the orphan chemokine receptor GPR-9-6 as CCR9, the receptor for the chemokine TECK. |
Volume: |
162 |
Issue: |
10 |
Pages: |
5671-5 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
32
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Birkenbach M |
Year: |
1993 |
Journal: |
J Virol |
Title: |
Epstein-Barr virus-induced genes: first lymphocyte-specific G protein-coupled peptide receptors. |
Volume: |
67 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
2209-20 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Yoshida R |
Year: |
1997 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Molecular cloning of a novel human CC chemokine EBI1-ligand chemokine that is a specific functional ligand for EBI1, CCR7. |
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21 |
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13803-9 |
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•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Bardi G |
Year: |
2001 |
Journal: |
Eur J Immunol |
Title: |
The T cell chemokine receptor CCR7 is internalized on stimulation with ELC, but not with SLC. |
Volume: |
31 |
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11 |
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3291-7 |
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•
•
•
•
•
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Publication |
First Author: |
Kim JW |
Year: |
2005 |
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Clin Cancer Res |
Title: |
Chemokine C receptor 7 expression and protection of circulating CD8+ T lymphocytes from apoptosis. |
Volume: |
11 |
Issue: |
21 |
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7901-10 |
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•
•
•
•
•
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Publication |
First Author: |
Riol-Blanco L |
Year: |
2005 |
Journal: |
J Immunol |
Title: |
The chemokine receptor CCR7 activates in dendritic cells two signaling modules that independently regulate chemotaxis and migratory speed. |
Volume: |
174 |
Issue: |
7 |
Pages: |
4070-80 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Sánchez-Sánchez N |
Year: |
2004 |
Journal: |
Blood |
Title: |
Chemokine receptor CCR7 induces intracellular signaling that inhibits apoptosis of mature dendritic cells. |
Volume: |
104 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
619-25 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mashino K |
Year: |
2002 |
Journal: |
Cancer Res |
Title: |
Expression of chemokine receptor CCR7 is associated with lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma. |
Volume: |
62 |
Issue: |
10 |
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2937-41 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Takanami I |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
Int J Cancer |
Title: |
Overexpression of CCR7 mRNA in nonsmall cell lung cancer: correlation with lymph node metastasis. |
Volume: |
105 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
186-9 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ding Y |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
Clin Cancer Res |
Title: |
Association of CC chemokine receptor 7 with lymph node metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. |
Volume: |
9 |
Issue: |
9 |
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3406-12 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Shields JD |
Year: |
2007 |
Journal: |
Cancer Cell |
Title: |
Autologous chemotaxis as a mechanism of tumor cell homing to lymphatics via interstitial flow and autocrine CCR7 signaling. |
Volume: |
11 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
526-38 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Förster R |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
Cell |
Title: |
CCR7 coordinates the primary immune response by establishing functional microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs. |
Volume: |
99 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
23-33 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Charo IF |
Year: |
1994 |
Journal: |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Title: |
Molecular cloning and functional expression of two monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptors reveals alternative splicing of the carboxyl-terminal tails. |
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91 |
Issue: |
7 |
Pages: |
2752-6 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Jarnagin K |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
Biochemistry |
Title: |
Identification of surface residues of the monocyte chemotactic protein 1 that affect signaling through the receptor CCR2. |
Volume: |
38 |
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49 |
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16167-77 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Shahrara S |
Year: |
2003 |
Journal: |
Arthritis Rheum |
Title: |
Chemokine receptor expression and in vivo signaling pathways in the joints of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. |
Volume: |
48 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
3568-83 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Brand S |
Year: |
2006 |
Journal: |
J Cell Biochem |
Title: |
Cell differentiation dependent expressed CCR6 mediates ERK-1/2, SAPK/JNK, and Akt signaling resulting in proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer cells. |
Volume: |
97 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
709-23 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
El Khoury J |
Year: |
2007 |
Journal: |
Nat Med |
Title: |
Ccr2 deficiency impairs microglial accumulation and accelerates progression of Alzheimer-like disease. |
Volume: |
13 |
Issue: |
4 |
Pages: |
432-8 |
|
•
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Protein Domain |
Type: |
Family |
Description: |
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), which was previously designated as the orphan receptors GPR28 and GPR 9-6. CCR9 is expressed predominantly in the thymus, in both mature and immature T cells, and is also found in the lymph nodes, spleen, glomerular podocytes, bone marrow stromal cells and the small intestine [, , , , ]. Transfected cells expressing CCR9 receptor bind specifically to CCL25 (also known as Thymus-Expressed Chemokine) []. This interaction may play a pivotal role in T-cell migration in the thymus []. CCR9 activation has also been shown to influence cancer cell migration, invasion and matrix metallopeptidase expression, which together may affect prostate cancer metastasis []. |
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Protein Domain |
Type: |
Family |
Description: |
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are a family of chemoattractant molecules. They attract leukocytes to areas of inflammation and lesions, and play a key role in leukocyte activation. Originally defined as host defense proteins, chemokines are now known to play a much broader biological role []. They have a wide range of effects in many different cell types beyond the immune system, including, for example, various cells of the central nervous system [], and endothelial cells, where they may act as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors [].The chemokine family is divided into four classes based on the number and spacing of their conserved cysteines: 2 Cys residues may be adjacent (the CC family); separated by an intervening residue (the CXC family); have only one of the first two Cys residues (C chemokines); or contain both cysteines, separated by three intervening residues (CX3C chemokines).Chemokines exert their effects by binding to rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors on the surface of cells. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium ions, which cause a cellular response, including the onset of chemotaxis. There are over fifty distinct chemokines and least 18 human chemokine receptors []. Although the receptors bind only a single class of chemokines, they often bind several members of the same class with high affinity. Chemokine receptors are preferentially expressed on important functional subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, including Langerhans cells and T helper cells [, ]. Chemokines and their receptors can also be subclassified into homeostatic leukocyte homing molecules (CXCR4, CXCR5, CCR7, CCR9) versus inflammatory/inducible molecules (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR1-6, CX3CR1).CC chemokine receptors are a subfamily of the chemokine receptors that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. There are currently ten members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily, named CCR1 to 10. The receptors receptors are found in monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils.This entry represents CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6). It is expressed on unactivated memory T-cells [, ]and some dendritic cells [, ]. CCR6 is also expressed on Th17 cells [], but is down-regulated in activated T-cells []. The receptor is noted as playing a role in Crohn's disease []. CCR6 major ligand is CCL20, also known as Liver and Activation-Regulated Chemokine but it can also bind non-chemokine ligands such as beta-defensines [, ]. Binding to beta-defensine 1 (DEFB1) is essential for the function of DEFB1 in regulating sperm motility and bactericidal activity []and it mediates the chemotactic effects of defensins DEFB4 and DEFB4A/B []. |
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