Type |
Details |
Score |
Publication |
First Author: |
Slade DJ |
Year: |
2008 |
Journal: |
J Mol Biol |
Title: |
Crystal structure of the MACPF domain of human complement protein C8 alpha in complex with the C8 gamma subunit. |
Volume: |
379 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
331-42 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ishino T |
Year: |
2005 |
Journal: |
Cell Microbiol |
Title: |
A Plasmodium sporozoite protein with a membrane attack complex domain is required for breaching the liver sinusoidal cell layer prior to hepatocyte infection. |
Volume: |
7 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
199-208 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Satoh H |
Year: |
2007 |
Journal: |
Toxicon |
Title: |
Characterization of PsTX-60B, a new membrane-attack complex/perforin (MACPF) family toxin, from the venomous sea anemone Phyllodiscus semoni. |
Volume: |
49 |
Issue: |
8 |
Pages: |
1208-10 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Morita-Yamamuro C |
Year: |
2005 |
Journal: |
Plant Cell Physiol |
Title: |
The Arabidopsis gene CAD1 controls programmed cell death in the plant immune system and encodes a protein containing a MACPF domain. |
Volume: |
46 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
902-12 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Ponting CP |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
Curr Biol |
Title: |
Chlamydial homologues of the MACPF (MAC/perforin) domain. |
Volume: |
9 |
Issue: |
24 |
Pages: |
R911-3 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Phelan MM |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Solution structure of factor I-like modules from complement C7 reveals a pair of follistatin domains in compact pseudosymmetric arrangement. |
Volume: |
284 |
Issue: |
29 |
Pages: |
19637-49 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Lovelace LL |
Year: |
2008 |
Journal: |
Mol Immunol |
Title: |
Crystal structure of complement protein C8gamma in complex with a peptide containing the C8gamma binding site on C8alpha: implications for C8gamma ligand binding. |
Volume: |
45 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
750-6 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Domain |
Type: |
Domain |
Description: |
The frizzled (fz) domain is an extracellular domain of about 120 amino acids.It was first identified in the alpha-1 chain of type XVIII collagen and in members of the Frizzled family of seven transmembrane (7TM) proteins which act as receptors for secreted Wingless (Wg)/Wnt glycoproteins []. In addition to these proteins, one or two copies of the fz domain are also found [, , , , ]in:The Frzb family; secreted frizzled-like proteins.Smoothened; another 7TM receptor involved in hedgehog signaling.Carboxpeptidase Z (CPZ).Transmembrane serine protease corin (atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme).Two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) subfamilies, the Ror family and the muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) family.As the fz domain contains 10 cysteines which are largely conserved, it has also been called cysteine-rich domain (CRD) []. The fz domain also contains several other highly conserved residues, for example, a basic amino acid follows C6, and a conserved proline residues lies four residues C-terminal to C9 []. The crystal structure of a fz domain shows that it is predominantly α-helical with all cysteines forming disulphide bonds. In addition to helical regions, two short β-strands at the N terminus form a minimal β-sheet with the second beta sheet passing through a knot created by disulphide bonds [].Several fz domains have been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for Wg/Wnt ligand binding, strongly suggesting that the fz domain is a Wg/Wnt interacting domain [, ]. |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Domain |
Type: |
Homologous_superfamily |
Description: |
This entry represents the frizzled domain superfamily.The frizzled (fz) domain is an extracellular domain of about 120 amino acids.It was first identified in the alpha-1 chain of type XVIII collagen and in members of the Frizzled family of seven transmembrane (7TM) proteins which act as receptors for secreted Wingless (Wg)/Wnt glycoproteins []. In addition to these proteins, one or two copies of the fz domain are also found [, , , , ]in:The Frzb family; secreted frizzled-like proteins.Smoothened; another 7TM receptor involved in hedgehog signaling.Carboxpeptidase Z (CPZ).Transmembrane serine protease corin (atrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme).Two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) subfamilies, the Ror family and the muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) family.As the fz domain contains 10 cysteines which are largely conserved, it has also been called cysteine-rich domain (CRD) []. The fz domain also contains several other highly conserved residues, for example, a basic amino acid follows C6, and a conserved proline residues lies four residues C-terminal to C9 []. The crystal structure of a fz domain shows that it is predominantly α-helical with all cysteines forming disulphide bonds. In addition to helical regions, two short β-strands at the N terminus form a minimal β-sheet with the second beta sheet passing through a knot created by disulphide bonds [].Several fz domains have been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for Wg/Wnt ligand binding, strongly suggesting that the fz domain is a Wg/Wnt interacting domain [, ]. |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Dasen JS |
Year: |
2008 |
Journal: |
Cell |
Title: |
Hox repertoires for motor neuron diversity and connectivity gated by a single accessory factor, FoxP1. |
Volume: |
134 |
Issue: |
2 |
Pages: |
304-16 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Amin S |
Year: |
2016 |
Journal: |
Cell Rep |
Title: |
Cdx and T Brachyury Co-activate Growth Signaling in the Embryonic Axial Progenitor Niche. |
Volume: |
17 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
3165-3177 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Sawai A |
Year: |
2022 |
Journal: |
Elife |
Title: |
PRC1 sustains the integrity of neural fate in the absence of PRC2 function. |
Volume: |
11 |
|
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Jung H |
Year: |
2010 |
Journal: |
Neuron |
Title: |
Global control of motor neuron topography mediated by the repressive actions of a single hox gene. |
Volume: |
67 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
781-96 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Sabharwal P |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
Neuron |
Title: |
GDE2 regulates subtype-specific motor neuron generation through inhibition of Notch signaling. |
Volume: |
71 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
1058-70 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Nowotschin S |
Year: |
2019 |
Journal: |
Nature |
Title: |
The emergent landscape of the mouse gut endoderm at single-cell resolution. |
Volume: |
569 |
Issue: |
7756 |
Pages: |
361-367 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Naruse C |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
FASEB J |
Title: |
New insights into the role of Jmjd3 and Utx in axial skeletal formation in mice. |
Volume: |
31 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
2252-2266 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Cotney J |
Year: |
2012 |
Journal: |
Genome Res |
Title: |
Chromatin state signatures associated with tissue-specific gene expression and enhancer activity in the embryonic limb. |
Volume: |
22 |
Issue: |
6 |
Pages: |
1069-80 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Esanov R |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
Mol Neurodegener |
Title: |
A C9ORF72 BAC mouse model recapitulates key epigenetic perturbations of ALS/FTD. |
Volume: |
12 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
46 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
783
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
760
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Rehn M |
Year: |
1995 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Identification of three N-terminal ends of type XVIII collagen chains and tissue-specific differences in the expression of the corresponding transcripts. The longest form contains a novel motif homologous to rat and Drosophila frizzled proteins. |
Volume: |
270 |
Issue: |
9 |
Pages: |
4705-11 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
713
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
702
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
250
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
187
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
102
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
720
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
752
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
187
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Bhanot P |
Year: |
1996 |
Journal: |
Nature |
Title: |
A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor. |
Volume: |
382 |
Issue: |
6588 |
Pages: |
225-30 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Xu YK |
Year: |
1998 |
Journal: |
Curr Biol |
Title: |
The Frizzled CRD domain is conserved in diverse proteins including several receptor tyrosine kinases. |
Volume: |
8 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
R405-6 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Rehn M |
Year: |
1998 |
Journal: |
Trends Biochem Sci |
Title: |
The frizzled motif: in how many different protein families does it occur? |
Volume: |
23 |
Issue: |
11 |
Pages: |
415-7 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Masiakowski P |
Year: |
1998 |
Journal: |
Curr Biol |
Title: |
The Wnt receptor CRD domain is also found in MuSK and related orphan receptor tyrosine kinases. |
Volume: |
8 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
R407 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Saldanha J |
Year: |
1998 |
Journal: |
Protein Sci |
Title: |
Identification of a Frizzled-like cysteine rich domain in the extracellular region of developmental receptor tyrosine kinases. |
Volume: |
7 |
Issue: |
8 |
Pages: |
1632-5 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Yan W |
Year: |
1999 |
Journal: |
J Biol Chem |
Title: |
Corin, a mosaic transmembrane serine protease encoded by a novel cDNA from human heart. |
Volume: |
274 |
Issue: |
21 |
Pages: |
14926-35 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Lin K |
Year: |
1997 |
Journal: |
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
Title: |
The cysteine-rich frizzled domain of Frzb-1 is required and sufficient for modulation of Wnt signaling. |
Volume: |
94 |
Issue: |
21 |
Pages: |
11196-200 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Rosado CJ |
Year: |
2007 |
Journal: |
Science |
Title: |
A common fold mediates vertebrate defense and bacterial attack. |
Volume: |
317 |
Issue: |
5844 |
Pages: |
1548-51 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein Domain |
Type: |
Homologous_superfamily |
Description: |
The superfamily of alphaviruses includes 26 known members. They infect a variety of hosts including mosquitoes, birds, rodents and other mammals with worldwide distribution. Alphaviruses also pose a potential threat to human health in many areas. For example, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) causes encephalitis in humans as well as livestock in Central and South America, and some variants of Sinbis Virus (SIN) and Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) have been found to cause fever and arthritis in humans [].Alphaviruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 12 kb. The genomic RNA of alphaviruses is translated into two polyproteins that, respectively, encode structural proteins and nonstructural proteins. The nonstructural proteins may be translated as one or two polyproteins, nsp123 or nsp1234, depending on the virus. These polyproteins are cleaved to generate nsp1, nsp2, nsp3 and nsp4 by a protease activity that resides within nsp2. The nsp2 protein of alphaviruses has multiple enzymatic activities. Its N-terminal domain has been shown to possess ATPase and GTPase activity, RNA helicase activity and RNA 5'-triphosphatase activity. The C-terminal nsp2pro domain of nsp2 is responsible for the regulation of 26S subgenome RNA synthesis, switching between negative- and positive-strand RNA synthesis, targeting nsp2 for nuclear transport and proteolytic processing of the nonstructural polyprotein [, ]. The nsp2pro domain is a member of peptidase family C9 of clan CA.The nsp2pro domain consists of two distinct subdomains. The nsp2pro N-terminal subdomain is largely α-helical and contains the catalytic dyad cysteine and histidine residues organised in a protein fold that differs significantly from any known cysteine protease or protein folds.The nsp2pro C-terminal subdomain displays structural similarity to S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent RNA methyltransferases and provides essential elements that contribute to substrate recognition and may also regulate the structure of the substrate binding cleft [].This domain covers the entire nsp2pro domain. |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Hanley O |
Year: |
2016 |
Journal: |
Neuron |
Title: |
Parallel Pbx-Dependent Pathways Govern the Coalescence and Fate of Motor Columns. |
Volume: |
91 |
Issue: |
5 |
Pages: |
1005-1020 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Mo Q |
Year: |
2017 |
Journal: |
JCI Insight |
Title: |
Identification and characterization of a supraclavicular brown adipose tissue in mice. |
Volume: |
2 |
Issue: |
11 |
|
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
554
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
554
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
766
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Kondrashov N |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
Cell |
Title: |
Ribosome-mediated specificity in Hox mRNA translation and vertebrate tissue patterning. |
Volume: |
145 |
Issue: |
3 |
Pages: |
383-397 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
145
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
224
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
203
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Russo AT |
Year: |
2006 |
Journal: |
Structure |
Title: |
The crystal structure of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis alphavirus nsP2 protease. |
Volume: |
14 |
Issue: |
9 |
Pages: |
1449-58 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Zhang D |
Year: |
2009 |
Journal: |
Protein Expr Purif |
Title: |
Molecular cloning, overproduction, purification and biochemical characterization of the p39 nsp2 protease domains encoded by three alphaviruses. |
Volume: |
64 |
Issue: |
1 |
Pages: |
89-97 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Publication |
First Author: |
Choi MY |
Year: |
2006 |
Journal: |
Development |
Title: |
A dynamic expression survey identifies transcription factors relevant in mouse digestive tract development. |
Volume: |
133 |
Issue: |
20 |
Pages: |
4119-29 |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
1774
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
1302
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
1352
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
666
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
570
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
582
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
642
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
537
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
585
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
709
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
572
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
685
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
592
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
654
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
793
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
351
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
323
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
314
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
314
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
295
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
537
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
793
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
365
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
572
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
582
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
295
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
891
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
295
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
314
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
709
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
585
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
439
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
618
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
1774
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
537
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
357
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
750
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
709
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
1294
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
1172
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
537
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
891
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
80
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
68
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
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Protein Domain |
Type: |
Domain |
Description: |
The family of alphaviruses includes 26 known members. They infect a variety of hosts including mosquitoes, birds, rodents and other mammals with worldwidedistribution. Alphaviruses also pose a potential threat to human health inmany area. For example, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) causesencephalitis in humans as well as livestock in Central and South America, andsome variants of Sinbis Virus (SIN) and Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) have beenfound to cause fever and arthritis in humans [].Alphaviruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 12 kb. The genomic RNA of alphaviruses is translated into two polyproteins that,respectively, encode structural proteins and nonstructural proteins. Thenonstructural proteins may be translated as one or two polyproteins, nsp123 ornsp1234, depending on the virus. These polyproteins are cleaved to generatensp1, nsp2, nsp3 and nsp4 by a protease activity that resides within nsp2. Thensp2 protein of alphaviruses has multiple enzymatic acivities. Its N-terminaldomain has been shown to possess ATPase and GTPase activity, RNA helicaseactivity and RNA 5'-triphosphatase activity. The C-terminal nsp2pro domain ofnsp2 is responsible for the regulation of 26S subgenome RNA synthesis,switching between negative- and positive-strand RNA synthesis, targeting nsp2for nuclear transport and proteolytic processing of the nonstructuralpolyprotein [, ]. The nsp2pro domain is a member of peptidase family C9 of clan CA.The nsp2pro domain consists of two distinct subdomains. Thensp2pro N-terminal subdomain is largely α-helical and contains thecatalytic dyad cysteine and histidine residues organised in a protein foldthat differs significantly from any known cysteine protease or protein folds.The nsp2pro C-terminal subdomain displays structural similarity to S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent RNA methyltransferases and provides essential elementsthat contribute to substrate recognition and may also regulate the structureof the substrate binding cleft [].This domain covers the entire nsp2pro domain.A cysteine peptidase is a proteolytic enzyme that hydrolyses a peptide bond using the thiol group of a cysteine residue as a nucleophile. Hydrolysis involves usually a catalytic triad consisting of the thiol group of the cysteine, the imidazolium ring of a histidine, and a third residue, usually asparagine or aspartic acid, to orientate and activate the imidazolium ring. In only one family of cysteine peptidases, is the role of the general base assigned to a residue other than a histidine: in peptidases from family C89 (acid ceramidase) an arginine is the general base. Cysteine peptidases can be grouped into fourteen different clans, with members of each clan possessing a tertiary fold unique to the clan. Four clans of cysteine peptidases share structural similarities with serine and threonine peptidases and asparagine lyases. From sequence similarities, cysteine peptidases can be clustered into over 80 different families []. Clans CF, CM, CN, CO, CP and PD contain only one family.Cysteine peptidases are often active at acidic pH and are therefore confined to acidic environments, such as the animal lysosome or plant vacuole. Cysteine peptidases can be endopeptidases, aminopeptidases, carboxypeptidases, dipeptidyl-peptidases or omega-peptidases. They are inhibited by thiol chelators such as iodoacetate, iodoacetic acid, N-ethylmaleimide or p-chloromercuribenzoate.Clan CA includes proteins with a papain-like fold. There is a catalytic triad which occurs in the order: Cys/His/Asn (or Asp). A fourth residue, usually Gln, is important for stabilising the acyl intermediate that forms during catalysis, and this precedes the active site Cys. The fold consists of two subdomains with the active site between them. One subdomain consists of a bundle of helices, with the catalytic Cys at the end of one of them, and the other subdomain is a β-barrel with the active site His and Asn (or Asp). There are over thirty families in the clan, and tertiary structures have been solved for members of most of these. Peptidases in clan CA are usually sensitive to the small molecule inhibitor E64, which is ineffective against peptidases from other clans of cysteine peptidases [].Clan CD includes proteins with a caspase-like fold. Proteins in the clan have an α/β/α sandwich structure. There is a catalytic dyad which occurs in the order His/Cys. The active site His occurs in a His-Gly motif and the active site Cys occurs in an Ala-Cys motif; both motifs are preceded by a block of hydrophobic residues []. Specificity is predominantly directed towards residues that occupy the S1 binding pocket, so that caspases cleave aspartyl bonds, legumains cleave asparaginyl bonds, and gingipains cleave lysyl or arginyl bonds.Clan CE includes proteins with an adenain-like fold. The fold consists of two subdomains with the active site between them. One domain is a bundle of helices, and the other a β-barrell. The subdomains are in the opposite order to those found in peptidases from clan CA, and this is reflected in the order of active site residues: His/Asn/Gln/Cys. This has prompted speculation that proteins in clans CA and CE are related, and that members of one clan are derived from a circular permutation of the structure of the other.Clan CL includes proteins with a sortase B-like fold. Peptidases in the clan hydrolyse and transfer bacterial cell wall peptides. The fold shows a closed β-barrel decorated with helices with the active site at one end of the barrel []. The active site consists of a His/Cys catalytic dyad.Cysteine peptidases with a chymotrypsin-like fold are included in clan PA, which also includes serine peptidases. Cysteine peptidases that are N-terminal nucleophile hydrolases are included in clan PB. Cysteine peptidases with a tertiary structure similar to that of the serine-type aspartyl dipeptidase are included in clan PC. Cysteine peptidases with an intein-like fold are included in clan PD, which also includes asparagine lyases. |
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Publication |
First Author: |
Taher L |
Year: |
2011 |
Journal: |
PLoS One |
Title: |
Global gene expression analysis of murine limb development. |
Volume: |
6 |
Issue: |
12 |
Pages: |
e28358 |
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•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
584
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
801
 |
Fragment?: |
true |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
464
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|
Protein |
Organism: |
Mus musculus/domesticus |
Length: |
584
 |
Fragment?: |
false |
|
•
•
•
•
•
|