| First Author | Kak G | Year | 2023 |
| Journal | J Neuroinflammation | Volume | 20 |
| Issue | 1 | Pages | 114 |
| PubMed ID | 37179295 | Mgi Jnum | J:347495 |
| Mgi Id | MGI:7483746 | Doi | 10.1186/s12974-023-02798-7 |
| Citation | Kak G, et al. (2023) IL-10 production by granulocytes promotes Staphylococcus aureus craniotomy infection. J Neuroinflammation 20(1):114 |
| abstractText | BACKGROUND: Treatment of brain tumors, epilepsy, or hemodynamic abnormalities requires a craniotomy to access the brain. Nearly 1 million craniotomies are performed in the US annually, which increase to ~ 14 million worldwide and despite prophylaxis, infectious complications after craniotomy range from 1 to 3%. Approximately half are caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which forms a biofilm on the bone flap that is recalcitrant to antibiotics and immune-mediated clearance. However, the mechanisms responsible for the persistence of craniotomy infection remain largely unknown. The current study examined the role of IL-10 in promoting bacterial survival. METHODS: A mouse model of S. aureus craniotomy infection was used with wild type (WT), IL-10 knockout (KO), and IL-10 conditional KO mice where IL-10 was absent in microglia and monocytes/macrophages (CX3CR1(Cre)IL-10( fl/fl)) or neutrophils and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs; Mrp8(Cre)IL-10( fl/fl)), the major immune cell populations in the infected brain vs. subcutaneous galea, respectively. Mice were examined at various intervals post-infection to quantify bacterial burden, leukocyte recruitment, and inflammatory mediator production in the brain and galea to assess the role of IL-10 in craniotomy persistence. In addition, the role of G-MDSC-derived IL-10 on neutrophil activity was examined. RESULTS: Granulocytes (neutrophils and G-MDSCs) were the major producers of IL-10 during craniotomy infection. Bacterial burden was significantly reduced in IL-10 KO mice in the brain and galea at day 14 post-infection compared to WT animals, concomitant with increased CD4(+) and gammadelta T cell recruitment and cytokine/chemokine production, indicative of a heightened proinflammatory response. S. aureus burden was reduced in Mrp8(Cre)IL-10( fl/fl) but not CX3CR1(Cre)IL-10( fl/fl) mice that was reversed following treatment with exogenous IL-10, suggesting that granulocyte-derived IL-10 was important for promoting S. aureus craniotomy infection. This was likely due, in part, to IL-10 production by G-MDSCs that inhibited neutrophil bactericidal activity and TNF production. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings reveal a novel role for granulocyte-derived IL-10 in suppressing S. aureus clearance during craniotomy infection, which is one mechanism to account for biofilm persistence. |
