| First Author | Gao H | Year | 2026 |
| Journal | J Physiol | Volume | 604 |
| Issue | 7 | Pages | 2939-2957 |
| PubMed ID | 41718621 | Mgi Jnum | J:385453 |
| Mgi Id | MGI:8332193 | Doi | 10.1113/JP288116 |
| Citation | Gao H, et al. (2026) The sympathoregulatory region of the mouse rostral brainstem relies on both GABA and glycine to generate inhibitory currents. J Physiol 604(7):2939-2957 |
| abstractText | Presympathetic neurons in the ventrolateral and ventromedial medulla (VLM/VMM) control sympathetic tone, and GABA and glycine were identified as inhibitory neurotransmitters. Although glycinergic inhibition of presympathetic neurons in the VLM/VMM has been shown, the sources of glycinergic inputs and the mechanism of glycine release are ill-defined. Here, we tested whether presympathetic neurons in the VLM/VMM receive glycinergic inputs. Glycine is recycled by glycine transporter 2 (GlyT(2)), which is a reliable marker of glycinergic neurons. GlyT(2) (Cre) mice were cross bred with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) mice to generate GlyT(2) (ChR2/EYFP) mice to be able to selectively stimulate GlyT2-expressing fibres. Presympathetic neurons in the VLM/VMM were retrogradely labelled with pseudorabies virus and whole-cell, patch clamp recordings were conducted in brainstem slices. Our study demonstrates that inhibitory synaptic currents recorded from presympathetic VLM/VMM neurons are mediated by GABA and glycine. We found that increasing the activity of inhibitory synapses facilitates glycine release. Light stimulation of GlyT(2) (ChR2/EYFP) fibres triggered monosynaptic evoked currents composed of GABA and glycine and we found that sustained glycine release depends on glycine uptake mediated by GlyT(2). In addition, we used a combination of monosynaptic and transsynaptic viral tracings to identify the location of presympathetic glycinergic neurons in the ventral brainstem, and immunostaining to reveal the expression of GlyR alpha1, alpha3 and beta subunits in VLM/VMM neurons. Our study identified that GlyT2-expressing neurons rely on release of both GABA and glycine to generate inhibitory currents. However, the potential role and the necessity for both neurotransmitters in the control of presympathetic VLM/VMM neurons require additional studies. KEY POINTS: Presympathetic neurons in the mouse ventrolateral/ventromedial medulla (VLM/VMM) receive monosynaptic glycinergic inputs that release both GABA and glycine. Glycinergic neurons were identified in the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and Botzinger complex. Increasing the activity of inhibitory synapses facilitates glycine release and sustained glycine release depends on glycine uptake mediated by glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2). Three prevalent forms of glycine receptors (alpha1, alpha3 and beta) are expressed in the VLM/VMM. Our study demonstrates the necessity of GABA and glycine for the regulation of presympathetic neurons and thus highlights the need for a better understanding of glycinergic circuits. |
